Porkes Journal is dedicated to the exchange of high quality research results in all aspects of Sport education (Physical Education Health and Recreation). The journal publishes advanced articles in basic theory, experiments and simulations, and applications, with systematically proposed methods, adequate reviews of previous works, comprehensive discussions, and concise conclusions. As our commitment to the advancement of science and technology, the languages used in this journal are Indonesian and English (preferred). Porkes Journal follows an open access policy that allows published articles to be freely available online without the need for a subscription. Scope of Porkes Journal is research, study and analysis related to Sports education (Physical Education Health and Recreation) including; (1) Physical Education, (2) Traditional Sports, (3) Recreational Sports, (4) Sports Management, (5) Sports Pedagogics, (6) Sports Biomechanics, (7) Active Education, (8) Sports Psychology, (9) Sports Physiology, (10) Performance Analysis, (11) Physical Activity, (12) Sports Talent Identification, (13) Sports Coaching, (14) and others related to improving the quality of Physical Health and Recreation Education. Nama Jurnal : Jurnal Porkes Inisial : Jurnal Porkes Jadwal Terbit : 4 Kali Setahun | Maret, Juni, September, Desember DOI : 10.29408 /porkes e-ISSN : 2614-8781 Ketua Penyunting : Suryansah Penerbit : Universitas Hamzanwadi Analisa Kutipan : Google Scholar | SINTA 3 | Garuda
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Penerapan Latihan Skipping dan Jump Squat Terhadap Kualitas Jumping Smash Bola Voli
The problem of low quality jumping smashes among volleyball extracurricular students at SMP Negeri 2 Gringsing, characterized by weak hits and suboptimal movement coordination, prompted this study. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effectiveness of skipping exercises and jump squats in improving the quality of jumping smashes. The method used was quantitative with a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest two-group design. The sample consisted of 30 students who were randomly divided into the Skipping group (n=15) and the Jump Squat group (n=15), following 12 training sessions with a predetermined protocol. Data were collected using a valid and reliable jumping smash assessment rubric (α ≥ 0.70). Statistical analysis results showed that although both groups experienced improvement, skipping training produced a significantly higher average gain score (52.20) than Jump Squat (36.27) with a p-value of 0.032 and an effect size of d=0.83 (large category). The study concluded that Skipping training was more effective than Jump Squat in improving jumping smash quality, presumably due to the complexity of the neuromuscular stimulus and the resulting improvement in movement coordination. These findings can be considered in the development of training programs for beginner students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Hanif Al Fatih, Nurhidayat Nurhidayat, Vera Septi Sistiasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) terhadap Kemapuan Lari Estafet
Athletics education, especially in relay running at Santa Theresia Junior High School, faces problems of low student interest and technical mastery. This condition is caused by monotonous teaching methods that lack interaction and cooperation among students. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model in improving the relay running skills of eighth-grade students. This study used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 46 students selected through total sampling. Data were collected through relay running skill tests in the pretest and posttest phases, then analyzed using a paired sample t-test with the help of SPSS version 27 software. The results of the analysis showed a significant increase in the average score, from 47.61 to 81.74, with a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05). These findings indicate that the application of the TGT model effectively improves mastery of basic techniques, speed, and coordination in relay running. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the TGT type of cooperative learning model has a positive and significant effect on students' relay running abilities, while also increasing active involvement, teamwork, and learning motivation in the Physical Education, Sports, and Health learning process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paysha Kaniadinanty, Fauzi Miftakh, ⁠Irfan Zinat Achmad, Ruslan Abdul Gani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Media Bola Spons Terhadap Kemampuan Passing Bawah Bola Voli Siswa Sekolah Dasar
The underhand passing skills of elementary school students are still relatively low, partly due to the use of learning media that are not suited to the motor and psychological characteristics of the students. This study aims to examine the effect of using sponge balls on improving underhand passing skills in volleyball. The study used a pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design, involving 20 fifth and sixth grade students from SDN Wadang III as samples selected through purposive sampling. The intervention was carried out through structured training using sponge balls in several learning sessions. Data were collected through an underhand passing skill test that had been tested for content validity and reliability (test-retest r = 0.819), then analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and a paired sample t-test. The results showed a significant improvement in students' underhand passing skills, as indicated by an increase in the average score from 3.90 to 8.05, a shift in the distribution of skill categories toward better performance, and a significant t-test result (p < 0.001). The study concluded that sponge balls are an effective medium for improving elementary school students' underhand passing skills in volleyball. Its lightweight, soft, safe, and easy-to-control nature reduces fear, increases confidence, and facilitates more optimal learning of basic techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moch. Dzakyyut Tuba, Olivia Dwi Cahyani, Benny Widya Priadana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Model Pembelajaran Gerak Dasar Manipulatif
The low level of basic manipulative throwing and catching skills among elementary school students, especially those in grade 3, is a major problem in physical education learning. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of a systematic and enjoyable game-based learning model for basic manipulative skills. The research method used was Research and Development (R&D) by adopting the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model. The research subjects consisted of 30 third-grade students at Tadika Puri Elementary School, East Jakarta. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with teachers, and skill tests using standardized instruments. Data analysis was performed using a paired sample t-test statistical test. The research results produced a final product in the form of 30 variations of learning models (15 for throwing and 15 for catching) that have been validated by experts. The effectiveness test showed a very significant increase in throwing skills (from an average of 27.77 to 31.07) and catching skills (from 27.50 to 30.73) with a significance value of p < 0.001. In conclusion, the game-based manipulative basic movement learning model developed has been proven to be statistically and practically effective in improving students' motor skills, so it can be used as an alternative innovative PJOK learning model in elementary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 David Elsaver, Samsudin, Oman Unju Subandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Permainan Tradisional Egrang Batok Kelapa dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Motorik Kasar Anak SD
The low level of gross motor skills among elementary school students, particularly balance skills, poses a challenge in physical education. This is often caused by a lack of varied, interesting physical activities that are appropriate for children's developmental characteristics. This study aims to examine the effect of the traditional coconut shell stilts game on improving the gross motor skills of upper grade students (grades V-VI). The method used was quantitative with a pre-experimental approach using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 23 students from SDN Kliteh who were selected purposively. Data were collected through the Balance Test instrument (Pasarribu, 2020) and analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests. The results showed a significant increase in students' balance scores, from a pretest average of 18.03 to 26.38 on the posttest (p < 0.001). Effect size analysis (Cohen's d = 0.95) indicated a large effect. The conclusion of this study proves that the traditional coconut shell stilts game is effective in improving students' gross motor skills and can be recommended as a simple, contextual, and effective alternative model for physical education learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizky Maulana, Olivia Dwi Cahyani, Nurman Ramadhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Tingkat Keterampilan Dasar Renang Anak Usia Prasekolah di NCL Aquatic Surabaya
The assessment of swimming skills in preschool children in non-formal institutions is often subjective, requiring an objective and measurable evaluation approach. This study aims to describe the basic swimming skills of preschool children at NCL Aquatic Surabaya using a standardized observation instrument. This quantitative descriptive study involved six children aged 4-6 years as subjects. Data collection was conducted through direct observation using an observation sheet covering seven aspects of basic swimming skills. The data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the mean and standard deviation and categorizing the total scores into three levels of ability. The results showed that two children (33.3%) were in the Good category and four children (66.7%) were in the Moderate category. Arm movements received the highest average score (3.67), while water familiarization, entering the pool, and movement combinations received the lowest scores (3.33). In conclusion, the basic swimming skill level of preschool children at NCL Aquatic Surabaya was generally in the Moderate category, and more focused training is needed on aspects that require adaptation to the aquatic environment and complex movement coordination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qhofifil Aien Tsasyahroh, Muhammad Dzul Fikri, Mokhamad Nur Bawono, Aprilyan Putra Bimantoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Resistance Band dan Medicine Ball Terhadap Servis Atas pada Siswa Ekstrakurikuler Bola Voli
Overhead serving ability in volleyball is influenced by arm muscle strength and power. However, extracurricular volleyball students at MTS Istiqomah Salumakarra still experience limitations in mastering this technique. This study aims to analyze the effect of Resistance Band and Medicine Ball exercises on overhead serving ability, as well as to compare the effectiveness of these two exercise methods. The method used was an experiment with a two-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 20 male students who were divided into two groups randomly. The research instrument was an overhand serve test that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and an independent sample t-test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that: (1) Resistance Band training had a significant effect on improving overhead serves (t = 18.974; p = 0.000), (2) Medicine Ball training also had a significant effect (t = 11.781; p = 0.000), and (3) There is a significant difference between the two methods, where Medicine Ball is more effective than Resistance Band (p = 0.031). The conclusion of this study is that although both exercises improve overhead serve ability, Medicine Ball exercises provide a more optimal impact on the development of serve power and accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh Yahya, Ahmad, Jusriati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Resistance Band dan Balance Board Terhadap Tendangan Dwi Hurigi pada Atlet Warrior Taekwondo
The double hurigi kick, as a complex taekwondo technique, requires explosive power and dynamic balance, but is often difficult for adolescent athletes to perform. This study aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of resistance band and balance board training on improving double hurigi kicking ability. Using a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest two-group design, the sample consisted of 20 Warrior Taekwondo athletes aged 13-17 years who were divided into two groups. The intervention was conducted for 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 times per week, and the research instrument was a dwi hurigi kick accuracy test within 30 seconds. The data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and an independent sample t-test. The results showed a significant improvement in both groups. The resistance band group experienced an average increase of 3.40 points (Cohen's d = 4.86), while the balance board group increased by 2.00 points (Cohen's d = 3.00). Intergroup comparison analysis showed a significant difference (p = 0.029) with resistance band training having the advantage. Discussion revealed that resistance bands were more effective because they specifically increased the rate of force development and optimized the stretch-shortening cycle, which is essential for explosive kicks. It was concluded that although both were effective, resistance band training was significantly superior in improving double kick performance in adolescent taekwondo athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aswandi, A. Heri Riswanto, Rachmat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Resistance Band Terhadap Peningkatan Akurasi Shooting Atlet Futsal
Shooting accuracy is a critical skill in futsal, but observations at SMA Negeri 5 Palopo show that this skill among school athletes is still low, as indicated by the number of missed shots and unstable posture. This study aims to analyze the effect of resistance band training on improving the shooting accuracy of futsal athletes. The method used is a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 15 male athletes selected through purposive sampling. The shooting accuracy test instrument had been tested for validity and reliability (ICC=0.87). The intervention was a 6-week resistance band training program (3 times/week) that focused on leg strength and core stability. The data were analyzed using a Paired Sample T-Test. The results showed a significant increase in the average score from 11.60 (pretest) to 13.67 (posttest) with a mean difference of 2.07 points (p=0.000). The discussion linked this improvement not only to muscle strength adaptation but also to improved motor control, body stability, and movement consistency due to elastic resistance-based functional training. The study concluded that resistance band training effectively improves shooting accuracy and is recommended for integration into school futsal training programs as an economical and multifunctional training tool.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauzan Risky Saputra, Ahmad, Wahyuni Ulpi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Direct Instruction Terhadap Hasil Belajar Teknik Dasar Guling belakang Senam Lantai
The problem in this study was the low learning outcomes of basic back roll techniques in floor gymnastics among students at MTs Al-Mahmudi Jatiroo, which was caused by limited understanding of movement, fear, and inappropriate learning strategies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of applying the direct instruction learning model on learning outcomes in basic back roll techniques. The method used was a one-group pretest-posttest design with a sample of 20 ninth-grade students selected through total sampling. Data were collected through a performance test assessed using an aspect-based assessment rubric, then analyzed using a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the average pretest score of 54.80 increased to 81.30 on the posttest, with a difference of 26.50. The discussion revealed that the systematic learning structure in the direct instruction model through demonstration, guided practice, and direct feedback was effective in improving students' motor skills and confidence. The conclusion of this study is that the direct instruction model has a significant effect on improving learning outcomes in basic back roll techniques, so it can be recommended as an effective learning alternative in physical education subjects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Muchlis Aufa, Hilmy Aliriad, Benny Widya Priadana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction in the Elderly at the Griya Lansia Ciparay Social Service Center
Aging is a natural process accompanied by declines in physical, psychological, and social functions, which can affect life satisfaction among the elderly. Physical activity is known to support physical health, emotional well-being, and social interaction, potentially increasing life satisfaction in old age. This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and life satisfaction among the elderly at the Griya Lansia Ciparay Social Service Center, West Java. This study used a quantitative correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 74 elderly were selected using purposive sampling based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), while life satisfaction was measured using the Life Satisfaction Index-A (LSI-A). Data were collected through structured interviews to ensure that participants were able to understand the questions and recall their physical activity over the previous seven days. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed a significant positive relationship between physical activity and life satisfaction (p < 0.001; r = 0.441), indicating a moderate correlation. Elderly with higher levels of physical activity tended to report higher life satisfaction. This study suggests strengthening and diversifying physical activity programs to improve the well-being and life satisfaction of older adults in social care institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sella Putri Herawadi, Lisna Anisa Fitriana, Septian Andriyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Permainan Sobas Terhadap Keterampilan Passing Bola Basket
Poor basketball passing skills among tenth-grade students at SMAN 4 Bojonegoro are a major problem, likely caused by a monotonous learning approach that lacks contextual variation. This study aims to examine the effect of applying the modified SOBAS game (integrating gobak sodor with basketball techniques) on improving passing skills. The research method used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. A total of 36 students were selected as subjects through purposive sampling. Chest pass, bounce pass, and overhead pass skills were measured using the Johnson basketball test instrument before and after the intervention. The treatment was the SOBAS game. Data analysis results showed a very significant increase in all three types of passing. The average chest pass score rose from 17.72 to 39.61; bounce pass from 16.03 to 38.83; and overhead pass from 16.72 to 39.31. The Paired Sample t-Test statistical test produced a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05) for all variables, confirming a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. The conclusion indicates that the SOBAS game is an effective and innovative learning model for improving basketball passing skills in high school students, as it is able to create dynamic, contextual learning situations and encourage the integrated development of technical skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nanda Bagus Tri Cahya Saputra, Hasan Saifudin, Olivia Dwi Cahyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learing Terhadap Kemampuan Gerak pada Pembelajaran Bola Kasti
Mastery of basic motor skills such as throwing, catching, and hitting in baseball is often low among students, presumably due to the use of teaching methods that do not actively engage students. This study aims to examine the effect of the problem-based learning (PBL) model on improving these basic motor skills. The research method used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. A total of 30 ninth-grade students at Tunas Dharma Junior High School were selected as samples using purposive sampling. The research instrument was a motor skills test that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using prerequisite tests (normality and homogeneity) and hypothesis testing using the Paired Sample t-Test. The results showed a significant increase in all three aspects of skill. The average score increased from 66.63 to 74.50 for throwing, 71.47 to 77.57 for catching, and 71.47 to 77.07 for hitting. The statistical test results reinforced these findings with a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05) for all variables. The research conclusion proves that the PBL model has a positive and significant effect on improving students' motor skills in baseball learning, making it a viable alternative learning strategy in physical education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulana Riski, Dikdik Fauzi Dermawan, Akhmad Dimyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Efektivitas Model Problem Bassed Learning (PBL) Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Bola Voli
The basic skills of passing the volleyball ball among fourth-grade students at SDN 1 Labuan Pandan are still low, as indicated by an initial learning completeness rate of only 37.5%. The low mastery of this technique is thought to be due to conventional teaching methods that do not sufficiently involve students in problem solving. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of applying the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in improving learning outcomes in underhand passing in volleyball in terms of cognitive and psychomotor aspects. This study used the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method, which was carried out in two cycles, with each cycle consisting of the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The research subjects were 24 fourth-grade students. Data were collected through cognitive tests, psychomotor performance assessments, and observations of the learning process, then analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed a significant improvement in learning outcomes. Classical mastery in the cognitive aspect increased from 37.5% (pre-cycle) to 58.3% (cycle I) and 91.6% (cycle II). In the psychomotor aspect, mastery increased from 45.8% to 58.3% (cycle I) and 91.6% (cycle II). It was concluded that the PBL model was effective in improving volleyball learning outcomes because it encouraged students to be actively involved in analyzing movement problems and practicing their solutions contextually.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhean Sengga Pradipthama, Ali Muhaimin, Lukman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Correlation Between Screen Time and Levels of Physical Activity and Health Indicators Among Adolescents at SMAN 2 Palangka Raya
Introduction: The high ownership of smartphones among teenagers in Central Kalimantan, supported by increasingly widespread internet penetration, indicates the intense use of digital technology in everyday life. A national survey reveals that the majority of adolescents have a screen time of more than 3 hours per day, reflecting the dominance of screen-based activities. This condition has the potential to encourage a shift from healthy lifestyles towards sedentary lifestyles. Methods : This study is a correlational study with a cross-sectional approach in July-August 2025 involving 151 students from SMAN 2 Palangka Raya using simple random sampling. The inclusion criteria used were students of SMAN 2 Palangka Raya aged 14-17 years who had provided informed consent. Instruments used included the Screen Time Questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Patient Health Questionnaire Adolescent, BMI measurement sheet, and blood pressure recording. Then, the type of data used was ordinal, which was analyzed using Somers' d, with SPSS version 25. Results: There was a significant relationship between sleep quality p (0.000 <0.05), d (-0.181), mental health p (0.003<0.05), d (0.199), and BMI p (0.032 < 0.05), d (0.161). Meanwhile, no significant relationship was found in other variables (p > 0.05). Conclusion: School-based interventions and school–parent collaboration are needed to promote balanced digital use, healthy sleep habits, and physical activity among students. This study is limited by its cross-sectional design, self-reported data, and small single-school sample, which restrict causal inference and generalizability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siskaevia, Zuly Daima Ulfa, Uswatun Hasanah, Garry William Dony, Yossita Wisman, Abdullah, Iwan Noor Alamsyah, Bernisa, Cahyo Nugroho Sigit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Media Botolsis Smash terhadap Teknik Smash Forehand dan Backhand Tenis Meja
Mastering forehand and backhand smash techniques in table tennis remains a challenge for junior high school students, mainly due to the limited availability of learning media that is interesting, simple, and supports repetitive practice. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the innovative Botolsis Smash learning media, which utilizes used bottles and height-adjustable tripods, in improving students' forehand and backhand smash skills in table tennis. The method used was a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design, involving 30 eighth-grade students from SMPN 1 Sumberrejo as research subjects. Data were obtained through a smash skill test that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed statistically using a paired sample t-test using SPSS version 30. The results showed a significant increase in backhand smash (p < 0.001) and forehand smash (p < 0.001) skills, with higher posttest scores compared to pretest scores. The conclusion of this study indicates that the Botolsis Smash is effective as a contextual, economical, and applicable training tool in improving basic table tennis techniques, thus serving as an alternative teaching medium for physical education in schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Achmad Waris, Wahyu Setia Kuscahyaning Putri, Olivia Dwi Cahyaning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Efektivitas Media Audiovisual Terhadap Keterampilan Dribbling dan Shooting Bola Basket
The problem of this study is the low basic dribbling and shooting skills of ninth-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Montong, which is thought to be caused by the lack of variety and appeal in conventional teaching methods. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using audiovisual media in improving dribbling and shooting skills in basketball. The method used is a quasi-experiment with a single-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 26 students selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument was a dribbling and shooting skills test with a validated assessment rubric. The data were analyzed using the Paired Sample t-Test statistical test with the help of SPSS software. The results showed a significant increase in the average score from 59.68 on the pretest to 78.92 on the posttest. The t-test results showed a very significant difference (t = -28.151; p = 0.000). The conclusion of this study is that the use of audiovisual media is proven to be effective and has a significant positive impact on improving dribbling and shooting skills in basketball among students. Therefore, it is recommended that audiovisual media be integrated as an innovative learning method in physical education, especially for mastering the basic techniques of basketball.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Yusuf Arifin, Hilmy Aliriad, Benny Widya Priadana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The Influence of Gobak Sodor and Bola Beracun (Poison Ball) Games on Students' Interest in Physical Education, Health and Sports Education at SMPN 3 Kalibening
This study was motivated by the low interest of students in Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning due to monotonous teaching methods. This study aims to analyze the effect of traditional games of gobak sodor and poison ball on increasing students' interest in learning PJOK. The research used a quantitative approach with a non-equivalent group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of two eighth-grade classes at SMPN 3 Kalibening who were given treatment through both games. Data were collected using a four-point Likert scale questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test because some of the data were not normally distributed. The results showed a significant increase in student interest (Z = -5.352; p = 0.000), with an average score increase from 82.35 to 89.72. The Mann-Whitney U Test results showed no significant difference between the effects of the two games (p = 0.537). The discussion relates the findings to Self-Determination Theory, in which traditional games fulfill the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and social connectedness, thereby increasing intrinsic motivation and interest in learning. The conclusion of the study confirms that the implementation of traditional games is effective in increasing student interest in PJOK, with the note that inclusive adaptation to student characteristics is necessary to maximize its impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Zaini Akrom Sofwan, Bertika Kusuma Prastiwi, Agus Wiyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Cirquit Circle Passing Drill terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Passing Pemain Academy U10-U12
This study aims to analyze the effect of circuit circle passing drills on improving inner foot passing skills in U10–U12 youth academy players. The main problem in coaching basic techniques at an early age is low accuracy, consistency, and situational understanding when passing. This study uses a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. The research population consists of all U10–U12 young star academy players, and the sample consists of 15 players selected through total sampling. Data collection instruments included a passing accuracy test (score range 0-10) and a technique observation sheet with five assessment indicators. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the paired sample t-test to determine the difference in ability before and after treatment. The core training consisted of a circuit circle passing drill at three stations, followed by a cool-down. The results showed a significant improvement in passing ability, marked by an increase in the average score from 8.07 (pretest) to 11.67 (posttest) with a significance value of < 0.001. The conclusion of this study confirms that the circuit circle passing drill method is effective in improving the inside foot passing skills of young players, so it can be recommended as an alternative training model in basic soccer technique coaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 Achmad Dwi Setio, Nurman Ramadhan, Rohmat Apriyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Ball Feeling Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Passing Kaki Bagian Dalam
Instruction on inside foot passing in soccer at the junior high school level is often less than optimal due to students' low sensitivity (ball feeling) to the ball and the lack of variety in the instructional models used. This study aims to analyze the effect of applying the ball feeling learning model on improving inner foot passing skills in junior high school students. The study used a pre-experimental method with a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample consisted of 30 seventh-grade students from SMP Negeri 1 Sumberrejo. The research instrument was a low passing test toward the target. The data were analyzed statistically using the Paired Sample t-test and effect size calculation (Cohen's d) with the help of SPSS 25. The results showed a significant increase in students' passing ability, with a pretest average score of 5.97 increasing to 7.40 on the posttest (p = 0.000). The effect size obtained was 0.816, which is classified as a large effect, indicating a strong practical impact of the intervention. The ball feeling learning model proved to be effective and had a significant influence on improving students' inner foot passing skills in soccer. These findings recommend the integration of the ball feeling approach in teaching basic soccer techniques in junior high schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Dimas Candra Birawa, Olivia Dwi Cahyani, Rohmad Apriyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Diferensiasi Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Passing Sepak Bola
The main problem of this study is the low passing skills of students at SMAN 1 Telukjambe Barat due to conventional learning that is uniform in nature. The study aims to examine the effect of differentiated learning on improving passing skills. The method used is a quasi-experiment with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design involving 70 twelfth-grade students divided into an experimental group (differentiated learning) and a control group (conventional learning). Data were collected through a passing test adapted from Nurcahyo (2014), which had been tested for validity (Aiken's V=0.87) and reliability (ICC=0.89). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in post-test scores between the experimental and control groups (t=3.082; p=0.003). The effectiveness of learning was measured using N-Gain, which showed a moderate category (34.93%) in the experimental group and a low category (9.62%) in the control group. The discussion revealed that this success was supported by the fulfillment of basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, connectedness) and the application of pedagogical scaffolding in accordance with Vygotsky and Deci & Ryan's theories. The conclusion of the study proves that differentiated learning effectively improves soccer passing skills significantly. The practical implication is that physical education teachers are recommended to apply a differentiated approach through initial diagnosis, tiered activities, and specific feedback to accommodate student diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanif Zufar Rabbani, Dhika Bayu Mahardhika, Tedi Purbangkara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Hubungan Antara Kekuatan Otot Lengan, Kecepatan Gerak dan Kelentukan Tubuh dengan Dribel Bola Basket pada Permainan Bola Basket
This study analyzes the relationship between arm muscle strength, movement speed, and body flexibility with basketball dribbling skills. A quantitative correlation approach was used with 40 athletes selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a standard push-up test for arm muscle strength, a 30 m sprint for movement speed, a sit-and-reach test for flexibility, and a zig-zag dribble test for skill assessment. The results showed a significant correlation between the three variables and dribbling ability, with movement speed showing the strongest relationship r=0.584, followed by body flexibility r=0.373 and arm strength r=0.137. Overall, these physical components explained 41.6% of the variation in dribbling skills R²=0.416. The analysis showed that movement speed contributed the most with a relative contribution of 46.1%, while arm strength contributed the least with 14.3%. These findings suggest that although all three physical aspects are important, training programs for adolescent female basketball players should emphasize the development of speed and increased flexibility to optimize dribbling performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruhut Ricardo Siringo Ringo, Siti Nurrochmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Efektivitas Pola Latihan Teknik Dasar Sepak Sila dan Sepak Kura dalam Pembinaan Atlet Putra pada Tim Sepak Takraw
Problems in coaching novice sepak takraw athletes at the university level often lie in the lack of structured and measurable basic technique training patterns, which results in weak fundamental mastery. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of applying systematic basic technique training patterns for sepak sila and sepak kura in improving the skills of novice athletes. The method used was a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design on 20 beginner athletes from the University of Palangka Raya. The research instrument was a validated skills test (Aiken's V validity > 0.80, reliability r > 0.85) to measure ball control, passing accuracy, defense, and attack. The structured training intervention was given for 6 weeks with a frequency of 3 times per week. The results of the paired sample t-test showed a significant increase in all skill aspects (p < 0.05), with an average score increase of between 16.2 and 17.2 points. The discussion relates these findings to motor learning theory, in which repetitive and gradual training strengthens motor memory and neuromuscular coordination. It is concluded that structured basic soccer and soccer training patterns are effective as a foundation for training beginner athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahrul Razzi, Garry William Dony, Eko Hernando, Iwan Noor Alamsyah, Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Media Sedotan Plastik Terhadap Keterampilan Guling Depan
The main difficulty in learning forward rolls in elementary school gymnastics often lies in incorrect head and neck positioning, which prevents rotation and increases the risk of injury. This study aims to examine the effect of using plastic straws as a learning aid to improve students' forward roll skills. The method used is a quasi-experiment (pre-experiment) with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research subjects were 30 fifth-grade students at MI Islamiyah Tulungagung who were given treatment during six meetings with the help of plastic straws placed between the chin and chest as an indicator of head position. Skill data were assessed through an observation test covering initial attitude, process, and final attitude aspects, then analyzed using a paired sample t-test and Cohen's d effect size calculation. The results showed an average skill improvement from 60.13 (pretest) to 70.83 (posttest), with a significant difference (p = 0.001). The effect size was categorized as moderate (d = 0.65). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that plastic straws are effective and have a significant influence in improving students' forward roll skills, particularly through improving head position during rotation. This medium is recommended as a simple, inexpensive, and direct feedback-based learning alternative for physical education teachers in elementary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aldy Wahyu Saputra, Olivia Dwi Cahyani, Mohamad Da'i https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Efektifitas Model Kooperatif Team Games Tournament (TGT) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga dan Kesehatan
Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning at the elementary school level still faces challenges in the form of low student engagement and a lack of innovation in learning models. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the Team Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative model on improving the PJOK learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at SDN Gedong 10, East Jakarta. The study used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 31 students selected through purposive sampling. The assessment instruments covered three areas of learning outcomes: cognitive (multiple-choice tests), psychomotor (performance tests), and affective (attitude observations). The data were analyzed using a paired t-test and Cohen's d effect size. The results showed a significant increase in learning outcomes after the implementation of the TGT model, with a pretest average of 83.71 and a posttest average of 87.84 (p = 0.000; effect size 0.939, large category). The highest increase occurred in the cognitive domain (difference of 5.16; effect size 0.87), followed by psychomotor (difference of 4.26; effect size 0.81), and affective (difference of 2.97; effect size 0.64). The conclusion of this study is that the TGT cooperative model has been proven effective in comprehensively improving PJOK learning outcomes and creating active, enjoyable, and student-centered learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Hafid, Heryanto Nur Muhammad, Setiyo Hartoto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Self Reported of Health Literacy, Physical Activity and Sleep Quality: A Correlation Analysis Among Elderly Patient At Public Health Center
Decreased physical activity and sleep disorders are common problems among older adults. Health literacy is thought to play a role in motivating healthy behaviors, but its relationship with physical activity and sleep quality among older adults in Indonesia has been little studied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between health literacy, physical activity, and sleep quality among older adults at a community health center. This study used a quantitative cross-sectional research method with 35 elderly respondents aged ≥ 65 years at the Lidah Kulon Community Health Center. Sampling was conducted using accidental sampling. Data were collected through guided interviews using the HLS-EU-Q16 health literacy, PASE physical activity, and PSQI sleep quality questionnaires. Data analysis used the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results of this study showed that most respondents were female 65.7% and aged 66-74 years 62.9%. No significant relationship was found between health literacy and physical activity (r=0.054; p=0.760) or sleep quality (r=-0.187; p=0.280). However, a strong and significant negative relationship was found between physical activity and sleep quality (r=-0.721; p=0.000). The conclusion of this study is that health literacy is not directly correlated with physical activity or sleep quality among the elderly at this health center.
Copyright (c) 2026 Defi Wulan Rachmawati, Indra Himawan Susanto, Ananda Perwira Bakti, Yetty Septiani Mustar, Muhammad Arja Bahauddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Studi Perkembangan Motorik Kasar Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri dan Swasta di Kota Bandung
This study was motivated by the importance of gross motor development as the foundation for physical activity in elementary school students, but it was suspected that there were differences in the quality of these abilities between public and private school students. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in gross motor skills between third-grade students in public and private elementary schools in Bandung. The method used was descriptive comparative with a quantitative approach. The research sample consisted of 38 students selected purposively, divided into 19 students from public schools and 19 from private schools. Data collection used the Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) test instrument, which measures locomotor and object control aspects. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, the independent sample t-test for normal data, and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal data. The results showed that there was a significant difference in gross motor skills between the two groups. Private school students had better abilities in locomotor aspects (M=10.58 vs 8.68; p=0.006) and object control (p=0.018). The conclusion of the study indicates that PJOK learning factors, school environment, and availability of supporting facilities influence students' gross motor development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Nasrul, Mochamad Ridwan, Muchamad Arif Al Ardha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The Effectiveness of Ergonomic Exercise for Sleep Quality Among Farmers: A Community-Based Program Intervention
The problem in this study is that farmers are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to non-ergonomic work postures, which have an impact on poor sleep quality. Community-based non-pharmacological interventions to address this problem in the Indonesian farming population are still very limited. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a community-based ergonomic exercise program on improving sleep quality among farmers. The method used in this study is a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design without a control group. A total of 85 farmers were selected using purposive sampling in West Bandung Regency. The intervention consisted of ergonomic exercises (stretching, core muscle strengthening, relaxation) for 10-15 minutes per session, 5 times a week, for 2 weeks. Sleep quality was measured using the Indonesian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed a significant decrease in the global PSQI score from 12.92 (SD=4.71) to 11.61 (SD=4.29) with a mean difference of -1.31 (95% CI: -1.89 to -0.73; p<0.001). The effect size was in the moderate category (r=0.359). The proportion of respondents with good sleep quality increased from 9.4% to 22.4%. The discussion in this study is that ergonomic exercises are associated with improved sleep quality through muscle tension reduction, autonomic nervous system modulation, and increased postural awareness. These findings are consistent with previous studies in working populations. However, the absence of a control group limits causal conclusions. In conclusion, community-based ergonomic exercise programs show potential as a feasible and acceptable promotive-preventive intervention to improve sleep quality among farmers. Further research with an RCT design and longer duration is needed to confirm causal effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ridha Wahdini, Nadia Sintia Wardany, Agni Laili Perdani, Irma Darmawati, Slamet Rohaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analisis Bibliometrik: Pengaruh Progressive Muscle Relaxation Terhadap Kecemasan pada Atlet
Competitive anxiety is a major psychological challenge that affects athletes' performance, but comprehensive mapping of Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) research in this context is still limited. This study aims to analyze and map the development of scientific publications related to the effect of PMR on anxiety in athletes through a bibliometric approach. Data were obtained from the Scopus database using the keywords “progressive muscle relaxation,” “anxiety,” and “athlete*” in the range of 2004–2024. A total of 82 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix-RStudio to map annual productivity, citation patterns, productive journals, keyword co-occurrence, and thematic mapping. The results showed fluctuations in the number of publications with a significant increase after 2019 and a peak in 2021. Frontiers in Psychology and Psychology of Sport and Exercise are the most productive journals. Keyword analysis reveals the dominance of themes such as mindfulness, mental health, stress regulation, and athletic performance. Thematic mapping identifies motor themes such as psychophysiology of heart rate that have potential for further development. The conclusions of this study confirm that PMR contributes significantly to reducing athletes' anxiety and is integrated into a broader psychological approach. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of PMR experimentally across sports and cultural contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Imaduddin, Sali Rahadi Asih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Hubungan Antara Kekuatan Otot Lengan, Otot Tungkai, dan Otot Perut Terhadap Smash Bola Voli Pada Club Bina Voli Sepanjang Masa
This study was motivated by the phenomenon observed in the field, where approximately 35% of athletes still experience difficulties in executing smashes, presumably due to suboptimal specific physical training programs. The study aims to analyze the relationship between arm, leg, and abdominal muscle strength and volleyball smash ability, as well as to identify the relative contribution of each variable. The method use is quantitative correlational with a population of 30 athletes from the Bina Voli Sepanjang Masa Club (total sampling). Data were collected through physical tests (push-ups, vertical jumps, sit-ups) and smash skill tests, analyzed for using multiple linear regression. The results showed a very strong relationship with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.965, meaning that 96.5% of the variation in smash ability could be explained by these three variables. Partially, leg muscle strength contributed the most (31.0%), followed by arm muscles (26.3%), and abdominal muscles (5.5%). The study concluded that smash ability is greatly influenced by the athlete's physical condition, with the recommendation that training programs prioritize strengthening leg explosive power, supported by increased arm strength and abdominal muscle stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anggi Anggraeni, Wahyu Setia Kuscahyaning Putri, Olivia Dwi Cahyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Keterampilan Teknik Passing Sepakbola Studi Empiris Pada Siswa Kelas IX
The main problem in this study is the low level of soccer passing skills among ninth-grade students participating in extracurricular activities. This study aims to analyze the level of soccer passing skills and identify the factors that influence them. The research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach with a survey design through skill tests. The research population consisted of all 30 ninth-grade students participating in soccer extracurricular activities, and all of them were used as samples (total sampling). The instrument used was the Johnson Soccer Test to measure passing skills within 39 seconds. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, median, mode, and frequency distribution. The results showed that the average passing skill of students was in the Moderate category with a score of 35.50. A total of 8 students (26.67%) achieved the Very Good category, 9 students (30.00%) the Good category, 12 students (40.00%) the Moderate category, and 1 student (3.33%) the Very Poor category. Factors supporting passing skills include internal motivation, teacher support, and competition experience, while inhibiting factors include limited training frequency, monotonous methods, and inadequate facilities. The conclusion of this study is that the majority of students' passing skills are in the moderate category, thus requiring more structured training interventions, increased training frequency, and varied methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kurnia Puji Ramdani, Eko Sudarmanto, Gatot Jariono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analisis Biomekanika Transfer Gaya Kinetic Chain Upper–Lower Limb pada Medicine Chest Pass dan Standing Broad Jump Atlet (SPOBNAS) NTT
Energy transfer through the kinetic chain is a fundamental concept in explosive athletic movements. However, studies comparing the force transfer mechanisms between upper-limb and lower-limb movements, particularly in athletes in Eastern Indonesia, are still limited. This study aims to analyze and compare the biomechanical mechanisms of force transfer in the upper-lower limb kinetic chain through the Medicine Chest Pass (MCP) and Standing Broad Jump (SBJ) in SPOBNAS athletes in NTT Province. The study used a quantitative approach with a comparative and correlational design. A total of 18 athletes were divided into two groups: the MCP group (n=9) and the SBJ group (n=9). Data were collected through MCP and SBJ tests with three trials, and the best scores were recorded. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation test. The results showed a significant difference between MCP and SBJ scores (p < 0.05; Cohen's d = 0.95), indicating a difference in force transfer characteristics between the two movements. Correlation analysis showed a moderate and significant positive relationship between SBJ and MCP (r = 0.47; p < 0.05; r² = 0.22). It can be concluded that MCP and SBJ represent different but interrelated kinetic chain patterns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salmon Runesi, Andreas Johanis Fredik Lumba, Christin Prima Mery Rajagukguk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengembangan Manipulatif Basic Movement Assesment Application (Masivmention) dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Berbasis Ai Mediapipe Bagi Siswa Sekolah Dasar
This study was motivated by the issue of ineffective and subjective assessment of basic manipulative movements by physical education teachers in elementary schools. The purpose of this study was to develop, test the feasibility, and test the effectiveness of the AI MediaPipe-based Manipulative Basic Movement Assessment Application as an objective digital assessment tool. The method used was the Borg and Gall Research and Development (R&D) model with a sequential explanatory design approach. The product was developed through ten stages and tested on 200 respondents (160 students, 40 PE teachers). Data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA). The results showed that Masivmention was successfully developed as a web application that analyzes three manipulative movements. The product was deemed highly feasible based on validation by subject matter experts (83.3%), media experts (81.3%), and movement instrument experts (84.3%). The product effectively improved the objectivity of assessment with a significant difference between manual scores and application scores (t=6.234; p=0.000) and a strong correlation (r=0.723). In conclusion, Masivmention based on MediaPipe AI is a feasible and effective instrument for assessing manipulative movements in elementary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cecep Ruhyana, Febi Kurniawan, Ega Trisna Rahayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Pemberian Bunga Telang Terhadap Kelelahan Otot pada Atlet Futsal UM Palopo
Muscle fatigue is a major problem in futsal due to intensive anaerobic activity that triggers an increase in lactic acid and oxidative stress. Conventional treatments such as chemical supplements carry the risk of side effects, while the potential of natural ingredients such as butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea), which is rich in antioxidants, has not been widely explored in the context of athlete recovery. This study aims to analyze the effect of butterfly pea flower drink on muscle fatigue levels in futsal athletes. The method used was an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. A total of 10 active futsal athletes aged 21-22 years were selected using purposive sampling. Fatigue levels were measured using a beep test before and after the intervention of administering 250 ml of butterfly pea flower drink (3 grams of dried butterfly pea flowers brewed for 10 minutes) with a 30-minute interval. The data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. The results showed a significant increase in the average beep test score from 21.62 (pretest) to 22.75 (posttest) with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05) and a t-value of 14.215. The effect size analysis (Cohen's d) yielded a value of 4.49, which falls into the very large category. The conclusion of this study indicates that consumption of butterfly pea flower drink is associated with a significant improvement in physical performance in futsal athletes, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative to aid post-exercise recovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imelya Putri, Andi Heri Riswanto, Rachmat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analisis Implementasi Deep Learning Mata Pelajaran PJOK
This study was motivated by the fact that PJOK learning tends to be instructional and focused on technical skills, thus failing to develop students' deep understanding and critical thinking skills. The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of the deep learning model in PJOK subjects at SMK PGRI Bungbulang. The method used was descriptive quantitative with 34 students selected through purposive sampling as subjects. The instrument consisted of a 46-item questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, grouped into eight dimensions of deep learning. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, normality tests, and One-Sample T-Test hypothesis testing using SPSS version 25. The results showed that the implementation of deep learning in PJOK learning was in the high category with an average score of 193.03 (84.36%). All items had a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05) with a t-value of 12.324 to 46.278. The Character and Learning Independence dimensions were the strongest contributors (Mean = 25.47; t = 16.891). The research conclusion proves that the implementation of deep learning has a very significant effect on PJOK learning, improving high-level cognitive aspects, active engagement, meaningful understanding, as well as students' character and learning independence. The deep learning model is effectively applied in PJOK to create a holistic and relevant learning experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahiddannasa, Ani Kurniawati, Asep Angga Permadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Penggunaan Teknologi Gadget dalam Pembentukan Kedisiplinan Siswa Ekstrakurikuler Tapak Suci
This study was motivated by the phenomenon of increasingly widespread gadget use among students, but there is still a lack of research on its use as a means of character building, particularly discipline in extracurricular martial arts activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gadget technology use on the character building of discipline among Tapak Suci extracurricular students at MAN Palopo. This study used a quantitative method with a correlation approach. The research population consisted of all Tapak Suci Muhammadiyah extracurricular students at MAN Palopo, with a sample of 20 students selected using purposive sampling based on specific criteria. The research instrument was a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis used Pearson's correlation test, simple linear regression, t-test, and F-test with the help of SPSS. The results showed that there was a strong and significant relationship between the use of technological gadgets and student discipline (r = 0.629; p < 0.05). The regression test results showed that the use of gadget technology had a positive and significant effect on the formation of students' disciplinary character with a contribution of 39.6%. This means that the more often students access Tapak Suci educational content through gadgets, the more their disciplinary character and responsibility as students will increase.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulpa, Rasyidah Jalil, Rachmat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Effects of Structured Psychological Skills Training on Mental Readiness, Performance-Related Abilities, and Character Development in Competitive Volleyball Athletes
This research problem in volleyball requires quick decision-making and solid teamwork, but many training programs still focus on physical and technical aspects, neglecting the development of structured psychological skills integrated with character building. This study aims to test the effectiveness of structured psychological skills training (PKP) in improving mental readiness, performance-related abilities, and character building in volleyball athletes. A total of 38 volleyball athletes participated in an eight-week PS program (three times/week) that included visualization, stress management, and goal setting. A quantitative experimental design was used with pre-test and post-test measurements using a modified Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS). Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation. The results of the study showed a significant increase in motivation, self-confidence, mental preparation, and emphasis on teamwork (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between intelligence and mental preparation (p=0.021), as well as cooperation and self-confidence (p=0.029). These improvements indicate that psychological interventions are effective in strengthening the cognitive-motivational aspects of athletes. The relationship between intelligence and cooperation with psychological skills confirms that cognitive abilities and social character contribute to athletes' mental toughness. In conclusion, structured PKP has been proven effective in improving the mental readiness and collaborative character of volleyball athletes. The systematic integration of psychological training into athlete development programs is highly recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Arja Bahauddin, Febby Alfu Khoirun Nissa, Riska Devi Kurniawati, Soni Sulistyarto, Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/