Porkes Journal is dedicated to the exchange of high quality research results in all aspects of Sport education (Physical Education Health and Recreation). The journal publishes advanced articles in basic theory, experiments and simulations, and applications, with systematically proposed methods, adequate reviews of previous works, comprehensive discussions, and concise conclusions. As our commitment to the advancement of science and technology, the languages used in this journal are Indonesian and English (preferred). Porkes Journal follows an open access policy that allows published articles to be freely available online without the need for a subscription. Scope of Porkes Journal is research, study and analysis related to Sports education (Physical Education Health and Recreation) including; (1) Physical Education, (2) Traditional Sports, (3) Recreational Sports, (4) Sports Management, (5) Sports Pedagogics, (6) Sports Biomechanics, (7) Active Education, (8) Sports Psychology, (9) Sports Physiology, (10) Performance Analysis, (11) Physical Activity, (12) Sports Talent Identification, (13) Sports Coaching, (14) and others related to improving the quality of Physical Health and Recreation Education. Nama Jurnal : Jurnal Porkes Inisial : Jurnal Porkes Jadwal Terbit : 4 Kali Setahun | Maret, Juni, September, Desember DOI : 10.29408 /porkes e-ISSN : 2614-8781 Ketua Penyunting : Suryansah Penerbit : Universitas Hamzanwadi Analisa Kutipan : Google Scholar | SINTA 3 | Garuda
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Analisis Tingkat Keterampilan Gerak Dasar Fundamental Movements Skills (FMS) usia 7-8 Tahun
Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) are a crucial foundation for the motor development of elementary school-aged children. However, systematic evaluations of students’ FMS abilities at the local level remain limited, making it difficult for teachers to design targeted instruction. This study aims to analyze the level of fundamental movement skills among lower-grade students aged 7–8 years at SDN Buduran Sidoarjo across the three main FMS domains: locomotor, manipulative, and stability. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach with a sample of 40 students selected using total sampling. The instrument used was a performance-based checklist adapted from the Western Australia FMS Manual (2013) and had undergone an inter-rater calibration process. The results showed that, overall, students’ FMS abilities fell into the “moderately developed” category, with the majority of students concentrated in the “Moderate” (45%) and “Poor” (35%) categories. Analysis by domain showed that locomotor skills had the highest mean (M = 2.33), while manipulative skills showed the lowest performance (M = 2.26) with the greatest variation in ability. The conclusion of this study is that manipulative skills are the students’ primary weakness and require a more structured, sustained, and child-centered physical education intervention based on children’s motor development needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zaidan Barki Muslim, Achmad Widodo, Noortje Anita Kumaat, Irmantara Subagio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Modifikasi Permainan Botolkaret Terhadap Kemampuan Passing dan Minat Siswa pada Pembelajaran Sepak Bola
Soccer instruction is often hindered by students’ low interest in learning and poor basic motor skills, particularly in the technique of inside-foot passing, due to a lack of instructional variety. This study aims to determine the effect of a modified rubber bottle game on students’ inside-foot passing ability and interest in learning during soccer instruction. A quantitative method with a one-group pretest-posttest design was used. A sample of 42 ninth-grade students from MTs Ulumiyah Kebonharjo was selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of a passing skill test and a learning interest questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and a paired-sample t-test with SPSS version 23. The results of the study indicate that the modification of the rubber bottle game does not have a significant effect on inside-foot passing ability (Sig. 0.971 > 0.05), but has a highly significant effect on students’ learning interest (Sig. 0.000 < 0.05). In conclusion, the modification of the rubber bottle game is effective in increasing learning interest but has not yet been able to significantly improve passing ability; therefore, it needs to be combined with more structured technical training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aris Wiji Saputra, Wahyu Setia Kuscahyaning Putri, Benny Widya Priadana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Gerak Berirama “Pakem” pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kabupaten Magelang
The teaching of rhythmic movement in Physical Education (PJOK) at elementary schools still faces challenges in the form of low student engagement and a lack of variety in teaching strategies, resulting in suboptimal learning outcomes. This study aims to develop a PAKEM-based (Active, Creative, Effective, and Enjoyable) rhythmic movement learning model and to test its effectiveness in improving students’ learning processes and outcomes. The method used was Research and Development (R&D) employing the ADDIE model through the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The pilot study was conducted at SDN Giripurno 1, Magelang Regency, involving 23 students in the small-scale trial and 37 students in the large-scale trial. The results of the small-scale pilot test showed achievement percentages of 79% for psychomotor skills, 74% for cognitive skills, and 80% for affective skills. In the large-scale pilot test, the results were 76% for psychomotor skills, 70% for cognitive skills, and 81% for affective skills. The N-Gain test increased from 0.68 (moderate) to 0.72 (high), and the t-test revealed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the PAKEM-based rhythmic movement learning model is deemed highly feasible and effective in enhancing student participation and learning outcomes in Physical Education (PJOK) instruction at the elementary school level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Sahid Insyagi, Roas Irsyada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analisis Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik Siswa Melalui Modifikasi Permainan dalam Pembelajaran PJOK
The issue of limited facilities and infrastructure in elementary schools often results in low levels of physical activity among students during Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) classes. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of PJOK instruction through game modifications in increasing physical activity among elementary school students. The method used was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest one-group design. The study population was SDN 05 Sukarame, with a sample of 31 third-grade students selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument consisted of a physical activity questionnaire covering frequency, intensity, duration, and enthusiasm. The intervention was administered over 12 sessions through game-based learning. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and the Paired Sample T-Test. The results indicated that all aspects of physical activity improved, with the highest increase observed in the enthusiasm aspect, rising from 59.74% to 90.13% (an increase of 30.39%). Overall, the average physical activity score increased significantly with a p-value < 0.001. The conclusion of this study is that game modification is effective in increasing students’ physical activity, particularly in enhancing students’ emotional engagement and enthusiasm in participating in Physical Education (PJOK) lessons at elementary schools with limited facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tria Fauziah Amelia, Azhar Ramadhana Sonjaya, Asep Angga Permadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengembangan dan Uji Efektivitas Model Strategi Pelatih Berbasis Motivasi pada Atlet Futsal Usia 13 Tahun
Motivation among young athletes is a crucial factor in the sustainability of high-performance futsal development; however, the motivational strategies employed by coaches at Indonesian futsal academies remain intuitive and unstructured. This study aims to develop and test the initial effectiveness of a motivation-based coaching strategy model to enhance the motivation of 13-year-old futsal athletes. The study employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach, which includes needs analysis, model design, expert validation, pilot testing, and revision. The effectiveness test used a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design involving 14 athletes. The instrument was a motivation questionnaire based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) that measured intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational motivation. Expert validation results indicated the model was highly feasible (average score of 3.62). The effectiveness test showed a significant increase in intrinsic motivation (p < 0.001; d = 1.63) and extrinsic motivation (p = 0.002; d = 0.89), as well as a significant decrease in amotivation (p < 0.001; d = 1.32). The conclusion of this study is that the motivation-based coaching strategy model has been proven effective in improving the quality of motivation among 13-year-old futsal athletes. This model is recommended as a practical guide for coaches in creating a training environment that is supportive, participatory, and oriented toward the development of long-term motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurrajab Arif, Muchamad Ishak, Bangbang Syamsudar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Interaksi Siswa dalam Pembelajaran PJOK Melalui Penerapan Kurikulum Deep Learning
The low level of active student engagement in Physical Education (PJOK) lessons, particularly in terms of communication, cooperation, and participation, is a major issue that highlights the need for a more interactive and meaningful learning approach. This study aims to describe student interactions in Physical Education (PJOK) lessons through the implementation of a deep learning approach at SMP Negeri 2 Cikajang. The study used a descriptive qualitative method with 30 seventh-grade students from class VII-G and 1 Physical Education teacher selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through observation of interaction patterns and questionnaires, then analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validity was ensured through triangulation of sources and methods. The results of the study indicate that the application of deep learning significantly enhances two-way and multi-directional interactions, with the highest prevalence of two-way interactions occurring during closing activities (30.77%). Students demonstrated positive responses, high intrinsic motivation, and felt safe to express their opinions. However, student attention to movement demonstrations remained low (mean 1.70). The conclusion of this study is that the deep learning approach is effective in enhancing active, communicative, and meaningful learning interactions. Teachers are advised to improve the quality of movement demonstrations, and further research is needed to test its effectiveness quantitatively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Rahmat, Asep Angga Permadi, Azhar Rmadhana Sonjaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Dampak Tanggapan Netizen (Public) di Media Sosial Terhadap Mental Atlet Bola Voli di Kabupaten Garut
Exposure to netizen comments on social media has the potential to affect athletes’ mental health; however, research on its impact on district-level volleyball players remains limited. This study aims to examine the relationship between and the influence of netizen comments on depression, anxiety, and stress among volleyball players in Garut District. A quantitative correlational method using a survey was employed. A total of 27 active volleyball athletes were selected using purposive sampling based on the criteria of regularly accessing social media at least 3 times per week and having received public comments within the last 3 months. The instruments included a netizen response questionnaire and the DASS-21, which have been validated for both validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.70). Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation test, and path analysis. The results indicated that anxiety had the highest mean score (15.63), with 33.3% of athletes falling into the very severe category. There was a significant positive relationship between netizen responses and depression (rₛ=0.476), anxiety (rₛ=0.631), and stress (rₛ=0.559). Path analysis confirmed the significant influence of netizen responses on athletes’ mental health (β=0.658; R²=0.433). The conclusion of this study is that netizen responses are an important psychosocial factor influencing athletes’ mental health, particularly anxiety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khansa Sri Santika, Asma Bara, Alam Hadi Kosasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Integrating Skill Development and Water Confidence in Freestyle Swimming: An Application-Based Training Model
This study aimed to develop and evaluate an application-based training model that integrates technical skill development and water confidence in freestyle swimming. A research and development approach was employed using the ADDIE framework, encompassing analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The developed model was implemented through a mobile application featuring progressive freestyle swimming drills, visual demonstrations, and confidence-oriented learning activities. Participants consisted of 20 freestyle swimmers selected through simple random sampling. Model validity was examined through expert review using Aiken’s V coefficient, while practicality was assessed based on responses from coaches and swimmers. Effectiveness was evaluated using a pretest–posttest design and analyzed with nonparametric statistics. The results indicated high content validity and practicality of the training model. Significant improvements were observed in overall freestyle swimming skills following implementation, with notable gains in breathing coordination, arm-leg coordination, and movement efficiency. Improvements in observable confidence-related behaviors, such as more relaxed breathing patterns and stable body alignment, were also identified. These findings suggest that integrating skill-oriented drills with confidence-enhancing strategies within an application-based framework can effectively support motor learning in aquatic environments. In conclusion, the proposed training model offers a theoretically grounded and practically feasible approach to improving freestyle swimming skills and water confidence. The integration of digital technology, motor learning principles, and confidence-oriented pedagogy provides a valuable contribution to swimming education and coaching practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rossa Linda Ardiningsih, Akhmad Sobarna, Sumbara Hambali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Kebugaran Jasmani Personel Brimob Kota Surakarta Berdasarkan Tes Fisik Kesamaptaan A Lari 12 Menit
The physical fitness of Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) personnel is a crucial factor supporting operational readiness in carrying out demanding tasks such as counterterrorism and crowd control. However, the physical fitness level of young Brimob personnel at the Headquarters of Battalion C Pelopor of the Central Java Regional Police, as measured by the 12-minute run fitness test standard A, has not yet been empirically determined. This study aims to analyze the physical fitness levels of these personnel. The method used is quantitative descriptive analysis employing a survey technique via the 12-minute run test. The sample consisted of 20 male adolescent personnel selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentages). The results showed an average distance covered of 2,662 meters, with a maximum of 2,970 meters and a minimum of 2,350 meters. A total of 70% of the personnel fell into the “Good” category, 25% into the “Very Good” category, and only 5% into the ‘Fair’ category. In conclusion, the physical fitness level of the Brimob youth personnel is classified as good; however, there are still variations in ability that require individualized training programs and routine evaluations to improve personnel performance toward the “Excellent” category.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhsin Abdurrahman, Gatot Jariono, Nurhidayat Nurhidayat, Akhmad Azlan Khoirur Rozikin, Ardhian Tomy Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Drill Target Terhadap Ketepatan Tendangan Sabit Atlet Pencak Silat IPSI Garut
Research on improving the accuracy of the sickle kick in pencak silat is still dominated by studies that focus on physical components, while research specifically examining the effectiveness of target-based training remains limited. This study aims to analyze the effect of target drill training on the accuracy of the sickle kick among IPSI pencak silat athletes in Garut Regency. The method used was an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 31 athletes selected using total sampling. The instrument used was a 10-second sickle kick skill test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Paired Sample T-Test. The results showed a significant improvement between pretest and posttest scores, with a significance level of p < 0.05 and a mean difference of 7.91 points. The improvement occurred across all accuracy zones, with the final category being very high. The conclusion of this study is that target drill exercises are effective in improving the accuracy of the sickle kick. Practically, this method can serve as an alternative for a more targeted technical training strategy in the development of pencak silat athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indiani Sapitri, Azhar Ramadhana Sonjaya, Alam Hadi Kosasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Integrasi Kearifan Lokal, Estetika Gerak, dan Sains Olahraga: Standardisasi Gerak Dasar Bela Diri Silat Tradisional Pusaka Rinjani di Lombok NTB
The traditional Pusaka Rinjani silat in Lombok faces preservation challenges due to the lack of scientifically grounded standardization of basic movements that remain rooted in local culture, thereby risking the distortion of its philosophical values, aesthetics, and technical effectiveness. This study aims to develop a model for standardizing basic movements that comprehensively integrates local wisdom, movement aesthetics, and sports science. The method used is a qualitative-quantitative interdisciplinary approach with a mixed-methods design, encompassing ethnographic studies, analysis of movement aesthetics (wiraga, wirama, wirasa), and biomechanical measurements using Kinovea 8.0 software on three masters and six senior practitioners. The research results indicate that each basic movement possesses philosophical meaning (religious, balance, solidarity), measurable aesthetic value through posture, rhythm, and emotional expression parameters, as well as efficient and safe biomechanical rationalization (knee angle 124°, punching speed of 5.8 m/s, kicking speed of 6.2 m/s, and blocking reaction time of 0.32 seconds). The conclusion of this study is that the resulting standardization model is holistic, scientific, measurable, and remains rooted in local culture, making it suitable for use as a guideline for training, physical education, and the preservation of Indonesia’s intangible cultural heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Riyan Hidayatullah, I Nyoman Sukartidana, Wahyu Kurnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The Effect of Personal Challenge-Based Gamification on Physical Fitness Among Elementary School Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Declining physical fitness among elementary school children has become a global concern, particularly in Southeast Asia, driven by sedentary lifestyles, urbanization, and low engagement in conventional physical education. This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate the potential effects of an 8-week personal challenge-based gamification intervention on physical fitness and intrinsic motivation among elementary students. Thirty students (16 boys, 14 girls; mean age 10.3 ± 0.8 years) from SD Negeri 016 Sungai Kunjang participated in a one-group pretest-posttest design. The intervention was integrated into regular physical education classes (two 45-minute sessions per week). Physical fitness was measured using the FITNESSGRAM battery, while intrinsic motivation was assessed with the Indonesian-adapted Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Gamification engagement was monitored via structured observation. Significant improvements were observed in all fitness components: cardiovascular endurance (29.5%, d = 1.18), muscular strength (34.8%, d = 1.24), muscular endurance (30.3%, d = 1.06), and flexibility (21.3%, d = 0.88). Overall intrinsic motivation increased by 35.0% (d = 1.91), with high engagement rates (94.2% participation). This study provides preliminary evidence that personal challenge-based gamification may be associated with improved physical fitness and intrinsic motivation. The low-cost approach shows potential for enhancing student engagement in physical education, although the lack of a control group requires cautious interpretation and further rigorous research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nak Mas Ashim Hanif , Januar Abdilah Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Parental Social Support and Teaching Methods Effects on Swimming Learning Motivation Among Early Childhood Students
Background: Learning motivation in early childhood swimming is crucial for success in aquatic education. Parental social support and appropriate teaching methods are hypothesized to significantly enhance learning motivation. Objective: This study examines the influence of parental social support and teaching methods on swimming learning motivation in early childhood students. Methods: A quantitative correlational design was employed. The sample comprised 25 children aged 4–6 years from Gemilang Swimming Club, Samarinda, selected through total sampling. Instruments included Likert-scale questionnaires for parental social support (14 items), teaching methods (21 items), and swimming learning motivation (15 items, administered via child-friendly interviews). Data were analyzed using multiple regression with SPSS 26.0. Results: Parental social support significantly influenced learning motivation (β = 0.212, t = 2.629, p = 0.015). Teaching methods significantly influenced learning motivation (β = 0.783, t = 9.714, p < 0.001). Together, both variables significantly predicted learning motivation (F = 37.682, p < 0.001), explaining 77.4% of the variance (R² = 0.774). Conclusion: Both parental social support and teaching methods significantly enhance swimming learning motivation in early childhood, with teaching methods having a stronger effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atikawati Fhadillah, Januar Abdilah Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Model Cooperative Learning dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani
Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) instruction in schools still tends to be conventional and teacher-centered, resulting in suboptimal student motivation, active participation, and social skill development. This study aims to examine the application of the Cooperative Learning model in PJOK instruction based on research findings and expert opinions from the past ten years. The method used was a systematic literature review, analyzing 25 national and international scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025, sourced from the Google Scholar, DOAJ, ERIC, ScienceDirect databases, and SINTA-accredited journals. The results of the review indicate that the Cooperative Learning model has a positive impact on the quality of Physical Education and Health (PJOK) instruction, as evidenced by improvements in learning outcomes in the cognitive domain (84% of articles), affective domain (96%), psychomotor domain (88%), learning motivation (92%), active student participation (96%), and social skills such as cooperation, responsibility, and sportsmanship (100% of articles). The conclusion of this study is that the Cooperative Learning model is a relevant and effective learning model to be applied in Physical Education and Health (PJOK) instruction to create an active, collaborative, and student-centered learning environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Komang Putri Wulandari, I Ketut Semarayasa, Luh Putu Tuti Ariani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analysis of Physical Education Students’ Interests and Motivation Regarding Participation in Sepak Takraw Clubs in Timor-Leste
Student participation in sepak takraw clubs in Timor-Leste still varies, influenced by psychological factors such as interest and motivation. This study aims to analyze the level of interest and motivation among students regarding participation in sepak takraw clubs in Timor-Leste. The study employs a quantitative approach using a descriptive survey method. The sample consisted of 150 students selected through purposive sampling based on the following criteria: having passed the sepak takraw course, being selected in the team entrance test, and having attended at least 3 training sessions in the past 6 months. The instrument was a 30-item Likert scale questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.87). Data analysis used descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicate that student interest falls into the high category (76.4%), intrinsic motivation into the very high category (81.6%), and extrinsic motivation into the high category (74.2%). Intrinsic motivation is the most dominant factor in driving student participation. This study concludes that students’ interest and motivation toward the sepak takraw club are relatively high, with intrinsic motivation as the primary factor. However, extrinsic motivation still needs to be enhanced through regular competitions and a reward system. The study was conducted at only one campus and did not measure environmental factors such as facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Filomeno Amaral Bria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Effectiveness of Kick Board Swimming Combined with Part and Whole Method on Freestyle Swimming Performance Among Elementary School Extracurricular Students
The swimming extracurricular program in Samarinda faces challenges in achieving meaningful skill improvement due to infrequent practice sessions (only once a week) and suboptimal traditional teaching methods. This study aims to test the effectiveness of integrating kickboard exercises with the part-and-whole method on improving freestyle swimming performance among elementary school students. The research method employed a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. The participants consisted of 20 students aged 10–12 years from SD Terpadu Muhammadiyah 4 Samarinda. The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks (April-June 2025) with a frequency of one 90-minute session per week. The instruments used were a 20-meter freestyle swimming test and a technical skills checklist. Data analysis utilized a paired-sample t-test and effect size calculations with SPSS version 26. Results There was a significant improvement in swimming time (pretest: 24.85 ± 5.73 seconds; posttest: 15.42 ± 2.36 seconds; p < 0.001) and technical skill scores (pretest: 11.25 ± 2.48; posttest: 19.35 ± 2.21; p < 0.001). Cohen’s d effect size of 2.16 indicates a large practical significance. Conclusion Integrating the kickboard with the part-and-whole method effectively improves freestyle swimming performance in elementary school students with a weekly training frequency. Further research is recommended using a randomized controlled trial with a control group and measuring long-term skill retention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda Aulia Paramitha, Januar Abdilah Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Jump Box dan Agility Ladder Drill Terhadap Quick Smash Bola Voli
The volleyball club students at SMK Negeri 2 Palopo still face difficulties in executing the quick smash technique effectively, due to limited mastery of basic techniques, a lack of understanding of explosive movements, and a shortage of speed- and agility-oriented training. This study aims to determine the effect of jump box and agility ladder drill exercises on the quick smash ability of the volleyball students in the extracurricular program at SMK Negeri 2 Palopo. The study used an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 20 male students selected through purposive sampling. The instrument consisted of a quick smash ability test evaluated by three expert judges using a 5-aspect scoring rubric. Training was conducted over 12 sessions spanning 4 weeks. Data analysis utilized the Paired Sample t-test after the data met the criteria for normality and homogeneity. The results showed an increase in the mean score from the pretest (14.25) to the posttest (18.45). The Paired Sample t-test yielded a t-value of 8.847 and a significance level of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect. The conclusion is that jump box and agility ladder drills have a significant effect on improving quick smash ability and can be recommended as an alternative training program for volleyball coaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nanda Pertiwi, Rasyidah Jalil, Suaib Nur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Peningkatan Kelincahan Melalui Permainan Lari Bolak Balik Siswa SDN 1 Lalebbata
The issue of low agility among fifth-grade students at SDN 1 Lalebbata in Palopo City served as the background for this study. Based on initial observations, only 38.46% of students fell into the agile and very agile categories, while the majority struggled with changes in direction, body balance, and responding to commands. This study aims to improve students’ agility through the implementation of shuttle runs in physical education lessons. The method used was the Classroom Action Research (CAR) model by Kemmis and McTaggart, conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The study subjects consisted of 26 students. The instrument used was an agility observation sheet with five indicators: speed, change of direction, balance, response to cues, and completion of the game. Data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis of percentages. The results showed a significant improvement, from 38.46% at the initial stage to 53.84% in Cycle I, and reaching 80.77% in Cycle II, exceeding the success indicator of 75%. In conclusion, the implementation of the back-and-forth running game was effective in improving the agility of Grade 5A students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh. Fikri Hidayatullah, Irsan Kahar, Hajeni, Rachmat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Hubungan Kekuatan Otot Tungkai, Koordinasi dan Konsentrasi Terhadap Kemampuan Shooting Siswa Ekstrakurikuler Futsal
The futsal shooting ability of students in the extracurricular program at Palopo State High School 3 remains low, presumably because their lower-body muscle strength, coordination, and concentration have not yet developed optimally. This study aims to analyze the relationship between lower-body muscle strength, coordination, and concentration and futsal shooting ability, both partially and simultaneously. This study employed a quantitative approach with a correlational design. A sample of 23 students was selected using total sampling. The instruments used were the standing broad jump test (lower limb muscle strength), the wall pass test (coordination), the grid concentration test (concentration), and the goal-shooting test. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, normality tests, linearity tests, Pearson Product-Moment correlation, and multiple correlation at a significance level of 0.05. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between lower limb muscle strength and shooting ability (r = 0.966; p < 0.001), coordination and shooting ability (r = 0.922; p < 0.001), concentration with shooting ability (r = 0.959; p < 0.001), and simultaneously, the three variables have a very strong relationship (R = 0.967; R² = 0.934; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Futsal shooting ability is influenced by the integration of physical, motor, and psychological factors. An integrated and balanced training program is recommended to improve students’ shooting ability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikhtiar Ghazaly, Rasyidah Jalil, Irsan Kahar, Rachmat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Hubungan Kekuatan Otot Tungkai Terhadap Kemampuan Shooting Siswa
The problem addressed in this study is the low shooting ability of students in the soccer extracurricular program at SMAN 1 Porehu, as evidenced by inaccurate ball direction and slow ball speed, which is suspected to be caused by weak lower-body muscle strength. This study aims to determine the relationship between lower-body muscle strength and shooting ability among these students. The method used was a quantitative study with a correlational approach. The sample consisted of 15 students selected through purposive sampling. The testing instruments included a vertical jump test to measure lower-body muscle strength and an observation sheet to assess shooting ability. Data analysis techniques utilized simple correlation and regression tests with the aid of SPSS. The results indicate a significant relationship between lower-body muscle strength and shooting ability, with a coefficient of determination of 67.1%. This means that lower limb muscle strength contributes 67.1% to shooting ability, while the remainder is influenced by other factors. The conclusion of this study is that the better the students’ lower limb muscle strength, the higher their shooting ability. Therefore, lower limb muscle strengthening exercises need to be integrated into extracurricular programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ical, Taslim, Irsan Kahar, Syamsul Darmawan, Rachmat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Dampak Akut Penggunaan Foam Rolling Sebelum Pemanasan Terhadap Kinerja Eksplosif Atlet Futsal
The use of foam rolling before dynamic warm-ups is common among futsal athletes; however, its acute effects on explosive performance a key requirement of futsal remain unclear, and previous research findings have been inconsistent. This study aims to analyze the acute effects of foam rolling before dynamic warm-ups on the explosive performance of futsal athletes. Research Method: A total of 18 male futsal athletes (age 20.0 ± 0.75 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (Faststart warm-up) and an experimental group (foam rolling + Faststart) using a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Explosive performance was measured via the vertical jump test, 20-meter sprint, and T-test. Research results: Lower-body power increased but not significantly (control: p=0.066; experimental: p=0.223). Sprint time decreased significantly in both groups (control: p=0.004; experimental: p<0.001), with a greater improvement in the experimental group. Agility improved significantly in both groups (control: p=0.010; experimental: p=0.015), though the control group showed better results. In conclusion, foam rolling before dynamic warm-up produces varying acute effects on each component of explosive performance and is not recommended as a primary strategy in warm-up to comprehensively enhance the explosive performance of futsal athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Alfarizi, Indra Ramadhan, Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Kreativitas Guru PJOK Dalam Metode Pembelajaran untuk Meningkatkan Aspek Kognitif Siswa
The main issue in this study is the low level of cognitive engagement among students in Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) classes at Antartika High School in Sidoarjo, both in regular classes and sports classes. Instruction is still dominated by physical activities without optimal development of conceptual understanding and critical thinking. This study aims to describe the creativity of PJOK teachers in applying question-and-answer and demonstration methods to enhance students’ cognitive aspects. The method used is a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques include observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The research subjects consisted of two PE teachers and twelve students selected through purposive sampling. The results showed that teachers’ creativity in regular classes was manifested through a variety of tiered questions up to the Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) level, probing techniques, and reinforcement of reflective answers, which successfully increased student active participation from 30% to 70% and raised the average cognitive score by +16.5 points. In physical education classes, teacher creativity was manifested through step-by-step demonstrations with conceptual explanations, student involvement in peer assessment, and post-practice reflection, which increased the average cognitive score by +14.6 points. In conclusion, teacher creativity that is adaptive to class characteristics has been proven to contribute positively to the improvement of students’ cognitive aspects in physical education learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arya Sena Andayana Putra, Muhammad Wahyono, Ramadhany Hananto Puriana, Sitti Maifa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengaruh Latihan Melempar Keranjang dan Lempar Tangkap terhadap Koordinasi Mata Tangan Tunagrahita di SLB
Children with intellectual disabilities generally experience difficulties with hand-eye coordination due to intellectual dysfunction and delayed motor development. This study aimed to determine the effect of practicing throwing a ball into a basket and throwing and catching a ball against a wall on the hand-eye coordination of students with intellectual disabilities. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 12 students with mild intellectual disabilities divided into an experimental group (n=6) and a control group (n=6). The experimental group received training for 4 weeks (twice a week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group participated in regular physical education classes. The instrument used was a ball-throwing and catching test with a maximum score of 10. Data analysis utilized paired t-tests and independent t-tests (α=0.05). The results indicated a significant improvement in the experimental group (p=0.001) with a very large effect size (Cohen’s d=2.05), whereas the control group showed no significant improvement (p=0.245). The independent t-test showed a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.004). In conclusion, ball-throwing-into-a-basket and wall-throw-and-catch exercises effectively improve hand-eye coordination in children with mild intellectual disabilities and are recommended for integration into adaptive physical education instruction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riyaldi Rangga Wicaksono, Muhammad Wahyono, Ramadhany Hananto Puriana, Hariadi, Rina Nopiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Implementasi Self-Management Hidrasi dalam Pembelajaran PJOK: Dampaknya terhadap Stabilitas Fisik dan Kelelahan
This study addresses the problem of low student awareness regarding hydration during Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning, which can lead to decreased physical stability and increased fatigue. The aim was to analyze the effect of implementing hydration self-management on students' physical stability and fatigue levels. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and pretest-posttest control group design was used. The research involved 69 eighth-grade students from SMPN 2 Tanjungsari, Bogor Regency, consisting of 35 students in the experimental group and 34 in the control group. Data were collected through physical stability tests and fatigue questionnaires, then analyzed using normality tests, homogeneity tests, and Independent Sample t-tests. The results showed that the experimental group's physical stability increased from 68.42 to 82.15, while the control group increased from 69.10 to 73.25. Fatigue levels in the experimental group decreased from 74.30 to 60.12, compared to a decrease from 73.85 to 69.40 in the control group. Hypothesis testing yielded significance values of 0.000 for physical stability and 0.001 for fatigue (p < 0.05). In conclusion, implementing hydration self-management in PJOK learning significantly improves physical stability and reduces student fatigue, with a very large practical effect (Cohen's d > 1.6).
Copyright (c) 2026 Devid Ilhamna, Muchammad Ishak, Bangbang Syamsudar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analisis Kepercayaan Diri dan Dukungan Orang Tua Terhadap Motivasi Berprestasi Atlet Klub Bola Voli Livo U-19 Kota Tegal
Low self-confidence and limited parental support often hinder adolescent athletes’ motivation to achieve. Research examining these two variables simultaneously among adolescent volleyball athletes at the local club level is still limited. This study aimed to examine the partial and simultaneous effects of self-confidence and parental support on athletes’ achievement motivation. This research employed a quantitative correlational design involving 40 athletes from Livo U-19 Volleyball Club selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire that had passed validity and reliability testing. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with IBM SPSS Statistics. The results showed that self-confidence (t = 2.795; sig. = 0.043) and parental support (t = 4.145; sig. = 0.000) had significant effects on achievement motivation. Simultaneously, both variables contributed 37.1% to athletes’ achievement motivation (F = 10.916; sig. < 0.001). The findings indicate that self-confidence and parental support both have significant partial and simultaneous relationships with achievement motivation. Parental support was found to be the most dominant factor in enhancing adolescent athletes’ motivation to achieve, highlighting the importance of positive and active parental involvement alongside the development of athletes’ self-confidence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda Zalfa Sari, Sungkowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Post-Sprint Blood Lactate Levels
Caffeine is a widely used ergogenic aid known to enhance both physical and cognitive performance. Its potential to influence lactate accumulation during high-intensity exercise, such as sprinting, remains an area of interest.This study aimed to investigate the effect of 100% Arabica caffeine consumption on blood lactate levels following sprint activity.Using a pretest-posttest control group design, 32 sprint athletes from KONI Madiun (divided into treatment and control groups) participated in a 30-meter sprint test repeated three times. The treatment group consumed 3–6 mg/kg body weight of caffeine in the form of an Americano one hour prior to testing. Blood lactate levels were measured post-sprint using a lactate analyzer. Independent t-tests were conducted with a significance level of p < 0.05. The treatment group consistently exhibited lower lactate levels compared to the control group across all sprint stages. Statistically significant differences were observed in Sprint 1, Sprint 2, and the total lactate accumulation while Sprint 3 showed no significant difference (p = 0.072). The findings suggest that caffeine consumption before sprinting may reduce lactate accumulation and improve metabolic efficiency. Caffeine intake in the form of 100% Arabica Americano has a significant effect in lowering blood lactate levels during repeated high-intensity sprint efforts. This supports its potential use as an ergogenic aid in anaerobic sports. However, variability in individual response highlights the need for tailored supplementation strategies and further investigation into long-term physiological adaptations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yona Bayu Prasetyo, Saddan Pramana Putra, Agung Dwi Darmawan, Hadiono, Vega Mareta Sceisarriya, Achmad Furqon Bildhonny, Andryas Yuniarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Pengembangan Model Physical Activity Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif Untuk Anak Usia 10-12 Tahun
The low levels of physical activity among elementary school-aged children, resulting from the prevalence of gadget use and the continued reliance on conventional physical education instruction, form the background of this study. The study aims to develop an interactive multimedia-based physical activity model for children aged 10–12 years and to test its validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, followed by a quasi-experimental test with a non-equivalent control group. The study subjects consisted of 80 students from three schools. The instruments included a validation sheet, a basic motor skills test (TGMD-3), and a motivation questionnaire. Expert validation results showed an average feasibility of 93.19% (highly feasible). The small-scale pilot test yielded 91.5%, and the large-scale pilot test yielded 94% (highly practical). Results of the Independent t-test showed significant differences in improvement between the experimental and control groups in basic motor skills (p=0.000) and motivation (p=0.000). The N-Gain for the experimental group in basic motor skills (0.69, moderate) and motivation (0.73, high) was higher than that of the control group. The conclusion of this study is that the interactive multimedia-based physical activity model (Fun Move) is valid, practical, and effective for improving basic motor skills and physical activity motivation in students aged 10–12 years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullatif Sidiq, Ruslan Abdul Gani, Febi Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Catecholamines: The Effect of Music Listening on Dopamine Secretion in Full-Day School Students
This study aims to examine the effect of listening to dangdut music on dopamine secretion among full-day school students. The research addresses the core issue of how musical stimuli, particularly within a cultural context, can influence neurochemical responses linked to emotional well-being. Employing a posttest-only control group design, the study involved 30 high school students randomly assigned into two equal groups: the experimental group listened to dangdut music of their choice for 15 minutes, while the control group engaged in non-musical activities. Urine samples were collected immediately after treatment and analyzed in a laboratory to measure dopamine levels. Data were statistically processed using an independent t-test. Results showed a significant difference in dopamine secretion between the two groups: the experimental group had a mean dopamine level of 53.60 ng/mL (SD = 3.95), while the control group had 30.93 ng/mL (SD = 2.01), with a t-value of 19.81 (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that listening to dangdut music significantly enhances dopamine release, supporting the hypothesis that music serves as a positive neuropsychological stimulus. The study concludes that incorporating culturally relevant music into the school environment can be a simple, cost-effective intervention to improve students' emotional well-being and academic engagement. This research contributes to the growing field of music psychology by emphasizing the role of local music genres in promoting mental health within educational settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Titin Kuntum Mandalawati, Andri Wahyu Utomo, Ghon Lisdiantoro, Lukas Susanto, Ardyansyah Arief Budi Utomo, Yona Bayu Prasetyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Evaluasi Program Ekstrakurikuler Olahraga Sekolah Dasar Menggunakan Model CIPP
The implementation of extracurricular sports programs in elementary schools is often hindered by limited facilities and resources in rural areas, which results in suboptimal development of students’ talents. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of extracurricular sports programs in elementary schools by focusing on an analysis of the context, input, process, and product components using the CIPP model. This qualitative study with a case study design involved school principals, supervising teachers, and students selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, while data analysis utilized the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The findings indicate that the context and product aspects were rated as good due to the program’s high relevance to students’ needs and its success in fostering discipline and sportsmanship. Conversely, the input and process aspects were deemed suboptimal due to limited standard facilities, uncertified coaches, and monotonous training methods lacking written plans. This study concludes that the sports extracurricular program in rural elementary schools is successful in character building but weak in achieving competitive performance; therefore, synergy between schools and local governments is needed to increase the budget allocation for sports infrastructure and facilitate the improvement of coaches’ competencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aditya Rachmat, Asep Angga Permadi, Zaenal Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Persepsi Atlet Sepak Bola Remaja Terhadap Pemberian Sport Massage
This research was motivated by the limited studies on adolescent soccer athletes' perceptions of sport massage as a recovery method, despite adolescent athletes being in a crucial phase of sports development. This study aims to describe adolescent soccer athletes' perceptions of sport massage, particularly regarding physiological benefits, muscle flexibility and endurance, psychological conditions, and post-exercise recovery processes. The study employed a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey method. The population was adolescent soccer athletes of the Persigar U15 club, with a sample of 30 athletes selected using total sampling technique. The instrument was a 30-item questionnaire using a four-point Likert scale. Data analysis used percentage calculations and descriptive statistics. The results showed a total score of 2932 out of a maximum of 3600 (81.44%), with percentages of strongly agree at 44.88% and agree at 41.33%. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability test yielded a value of 0.86. This study concludes that adolescent soccer athletes' perceptions of sport massage fall into the very good category. Sport massage is perceived as beneficial for reducing muscle fatigue, increasing relaxation, and supporting athletes' physical and mental readiness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Syahlan Thoyyiby, Z. Arifin, Asep Angga Permadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analysis of Basic Soccer Skills: A Survey Study of Extracurricular Students
Background.Basic soccer technical skills are a fundamental component in the development of school-age players that determine the quality of their performance; however, the implementation of skill assessment in extracurricular activities remains suboptimal and tends to lack a data-driven approach. Objectives. This study aims to analyze the level of basic soccer technical skills among students participating in an extracurricular program, focusing on off-the-ball technical aspects and ball control as a basis for evaluating the training program. Methods. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive design. The study sample consisted of 25 students selected using total sampling. Data were collected through tests and measurements using the David Lee Soccer Potential Circuit Test, which includes a 20-meter run, ball-less skills, and ball-handling skills. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean values, standard deviations, frequency distributions, and percentages, with the assistance of SPSS software. Results. The results of the study indicate that the level of students’ basic soccer technical skills was predominantly in the “good” category at 52%, followed by the “fair” and “poor” categories at 16% each, the “very poor” category at 12%, and the “excellent” category at 4%. Ball-handling and off-the-ball skills fell into the good to very good categories, while running speed remained in the fair category. Conclusion. This study indicates that the development of basic technical skills in extracurricular activities has been fairly effective; however, improvements are needed in physical aspects, particularly speed. These findings contribute as a basis for evaluating and developing training programs that strike a better balance between technical and physical aspects to enhance the quality of soccer training in schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irvan, Waskito Aji Suryo Putro, Saiful Anwar, Harmaman, Leo Pratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
How target-based training affects the passing accuracy of U-13 soccer players
Passing accuracy is a fundamental skill in soccer that often poses a challenge for young players. At SSB Kota Sorong, many U-13 players struggle to direct the ball accurately, making it easy for opponents to intercept. The training methods used so far have tended to be conventional and lack clear objectives, resulting in suboptimal improvements in passing ability. This study aims to determine the effect of target-based passing drills on the passing accuracy of U-13 soccer players at SSB Kota Sorong. The research method employed a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The study population consisted of all U-13 players at SSB PS Unimuda. A sample of 15 players was selected using purposive sampling, with criteria of training attendance ≥75% and being injury-free. The instrument used was the low-passing test by Irianto (1995), which had been validated for both validity and reliability. The intervention, consisting of target-based passing drills, was administered over 12 sessions spanning 4 weeks (3 times per week). Data analysis utilized the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and a paired-sample t-test with SPSS 26 at a significance level of α=0.05. The results of the normality test indicated that the data were normally distributed (p>0.05). The mean pretest score was 4.80 (SD = 1.08) and increased to 6.30 (SD = 1.10) on the posttest. The paired t-test showed a calculated t-value of 7.42 > the critical t-value (1.761) with a significance level of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Thus, H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. In conclusion, target-based passing drills have a significant effect on improving the passing accuracy of U-13 players at SSB Kota Sorong. The average improvement of 1.50 points proves that this method is effective and can be used as an alternative in early-age soccer training programs. This study provides practical contributions for coaches in designing more targeted and measurable training sessions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fajar Fathur Rachman Ahmad, Waskito Aji Suryo Putro, Saiful Anwar, Harmaman, Leo Pratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Level of Basic Soccer Skills Among 14-Year-Old Players at SSB PS Unimuda Sorong
Background. Basic technical skills form the foundation of soccer and determine a player’s performance quality, particularly during the developmental years (ages 13–17). Uneven mastery of these techniques among young players is a persistent challenge in youth academy training and necessitates measurable, objective evaluation. Objective. This study aims to analyze the level of basic soccer technical skills among 14-year-old players at SSB PS Unimuda Sorong based on five main components: passing, dribbling, heading, ball control, and shooting. The central research question is: “What is the level of basic technical skills among 14-year-old soccer players at SSB PS Unimuda Sorong across five technical components?” Methods. A quantitative descriptive survey design was employed. The sample comprised 35 players selected via total sampling. Data were collected through standardized tests and measurements, then analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) to categorize players’ skill levels into good, average, or poor categories based on established norms. Results. Overall, 51.4% of players were categorized as “good” and 41.8% as “average.” Shooting was the strongest skill (57.1% good; M = 8.46, SD = 1.12), while heading was the weakest (2.9% good; M = 3.34, SD = 0.87), with all 35 players falling in the average category for ball control (M = 15.20, SD = 2.43). Conclusion. Basic technical skills among 14-year-old players at SSB PS Unimuda Sorong are at a sufficiently good but unevenly distributed level. Heading and ball control require the most targeted intervention. Coaches are recommended to integrate specific heading drills and multi-contact ball control exercises into the weekly training program. Future research should adopt experimental designs to examine the effects of structured interventions on identified technical weaknesses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jimmy Aronggear, Waskito Aji Suryo Putro, Saiful Anwar, Harmaman, Leo Pratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Peningkatan Keterampilan Renang Gaya Bebas Melalui Metode Penugasan Praktik Terstruktur: Studi Action Research pada Anak Pemula Usia 10-11 Tahun
The low proficiency in freestyle swimming skills among beginner students aged 10–11 years at the Marlin Swimming School Club in Purwakarta Regency is attributed to a conventional, instructor-centered training approach that lacks sufficient progression and variation. This study aims to improve freestyle swimming skills through the application of a structured practice assignment method. The method used was the Kemmis and McTaggart spiral action research model, conducted over 10 sessions (8 intervention sessions) with 20 beginner students. Data collection utilized an observation sheet covering five skill aspects (body position, leg movement, arm movement, breathing, coordination) on a 1–4 scale. The results showed an average score increase from 9.00 to 15.00 (a 66.7% increase). A paired t-test confirmed a statistically significant improvement (t=11.23, df=19, p<0.001). A total of 95% of the students (19 out of 20) met the passing criteria (score ≥12). In conclusion, the structured practice assignment method is effective in improving the freestyle swimming skills of beginner students. Further research with an experimental design and a control group is recommended to generalize the results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mochamad Destri Sutisna, Widiastuti, Oman Unju Subandi, Sujarwo, Herman Chaniago, Fajar Vidya Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Kemampuan Dribbling Bola Basket: Peran Koordinasi dan Percaya Diri
The basketball dribbling skills of students at SMAN 1 Soppeng are still not optimal. Some students often lose control of the ball when moving quickly or under pressure from opponents. In addition, their hand-eye coordination appears to be underdeveloped, and their confidence levels remain low. This study aims to determine the effect of hand-eye coordination and self-confidence on dribbling skills, both partially and simultaneously. The research method used a quantitative correlational-regressive approach with a sample of 30 male students participating in the SMAN 1 Soppeng basketball extracurricular program, selected through total sampling. Research instruments included a zig-zag dribbling test, a tennis ball throw-and-catch test, and a Likert-scale self-confidence questionnaire. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests (normality, linearity, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity), as well as simple and multiple linear regression. The results showed that hand-eye coordination had a significant effect on dribbling (R = 0.850; p < 0.001). Self-confidence also had a significant effect (R = 0.857; p < 0.001). Simultaneously, both variables had a significant effect with R = 0.901 and Adjusted R-Square = 0.797, meaning that 79.7% of the variation in dribbling ability is explained by these two variables. Conclusion: Eye-hand coordination and self-confidence jointly influence dribbling ability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syamsul Darmawan, Rachmat Hidayat, Andy Amry Yahya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/