An Analysis of Deixis on Comment Speech By Indonesian Diplomat in United Nation (PBB) 75th General Assembly Meeting 2020

Deixis is a human language phenomenon in which particular expression referential depends on context use (Williams, 2019). By knowing deixis, a speaker knows alternate reference words depending on the interlocutor, places and time conversation takes place. The study investigates deixis and its context used by diplomats and representatives from Indonesia, Silvany Pasaribu of human rights cases of Vanuatu and Papua. This study's data source was the comment speech of an Indonesian diplomat, consisting of three types of deixis based on Levinson's theory. The video was collected from YouTube. Further, to analyse the data through several processes, the researchers firstly collected all deictic expressions found in transcription, classified the deictic word into each category of deixis. The result of this study shows thirty five deixis from comment speech of Indonesian diplomat. There were twenty three personal deixis consisting of a first, second, and third person, seven spatial deixis, and five temporal deixis. Person deixis generally be delivered by person grammatical type, which replaces personal pronoun encode like community, appropriate names, and the individual pronoun compound. Spatial or place deixis based on result which expresses by the speaker on their speech were location. Temporal deixis is used to the pointing of time context speech. Further research is suggested to analyze all kinds of deixis, such as social deixis and its context.


Introduction
Language is a sound and word system that has a pivotal role in human life, such as sharing and communicating (Lunenburg, 2010). Communication is the way to deliver ideas, experiences, and arguments with each other. There are several particular ways of communication, namely spoken and written. Furthermore, it needs contextually understanding through pragmatic theory. There are various scopes of language in linguistics, such as morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The study of meaning between the speaker and written belongs to pragmatic. Pragmatics is the study of meaning which explains the external structure (Saeed, 2009).
In addition, Yule (1996) stated that pragmatic is connected by the study of communication meaning, and it requires interpretation of what someone means in a particular context. Therefore,

Method
This study's objective used the utterance comment speech delivered by an Indonesian diplomat in United Nations (PBB) 75th General Assembly Meeting 2020. This study purpose to analyzed deixis contextually used by Indonesian diplomat speech. Thus, the method which used in this study was descriptive qualitative. According to Creswell (2013), qualitative descriptive research could be done by investigating facts and continued to describe. The data of this study was orally obtained from a comment speech delivered by an Indonesian diplomat. To analyze the data, the researchers listened whole speech to check which speech included deixis. Therefore, observation was acceptable in the process of providing data. To get the data, the researchers classified deixis into three types, namely person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. These deixes were based on Levinson's (1983) principles and used qualitative as methodology. This study's instrument was written text from comment speech script of Indonesian diplomat video downloaded from YouTube. After scripting the speech, the researchers begin transcribing it in written form, then analyze and group it into kind of deixis contextually. Lastly, the data were analyzed in three steps. Firstly, was to find out the deixis use. Secondly, the meaning of deixis uttered by the speaker contextually, and the last was to convey discussions and conclude the issue.

Results
Based on the comment speech which delivered by Indonesian diplomat, thirty-five kind of deixis were found. After that, the researchers categorized comment speech statements following the deixis types based on Levinson (1983). It is shown in the following Table 1: From Table 1 above, it could be seen the total result of deixis used in Indonesian diplomat comment speech was 35 deixis for each classification, followed by 23 for personal deixis, 7 for spatial or place and 5 for temporal deixis. Furthermore, the researchers explained deixis used contextually delivered by Silvany Pasaribu.

A. Personal Deixis
Silvany Pasaribu mentioned herself personal deixis were used "We" as representative Indonesian diplomat from the utterance above. In her utterance, she argued the country of Indonesia truly protects the Papua Island. She persuades to president of Vanuatu to promote the equitable solution, especially in cases of Papua. Furthermore, she emphasized the important things about tolerance and human rights protection that Indonesia always maintains the tolerance values, such as respect, appreciation, and help.
Silvany Pasaribu (01:39) : We must win-win approach Silvany Pasaribu (02:49) : We value diversity, We respect the tolerance respect tolerance, and we have also promoted and protect human right.
Silvany Pasaribu (04:24) : For the government of Vanuatu, please fulfill your human right responsibility to your people (society)." Silvany Pasaribu (04:52) : Let me tell them "You are not representative of the people of Papua" Based on the utterances above, the speaker pointed "you" directly to the president of Vanuatu. It becomes a high critic for him because he has given judgment that the Republic of Indonesia did not protect Papua island society. Silvany, as a speaker representative, directly gave a deep rebuttal to the President of Vanuatu that just fulfill his human rights responsibility and stated that the prime minister of Papua was not representative of Papua's people.

B. Spatial Deixis
In this utterance, Silvany used place deixis, which refers to places. She uttered that Vanuatu's country was shameful to admitted that society of Papua includes part of Vanuatu. Furthermore, Silvany explained that the President of the Republic Indonesia has stated in United Nations that Papua's society was a part of Indonesia. However, Vanuatu chooses the contrary.

C. Temporal Deixis
Silvany used temporal deixis in her speech that pointed to the time which she uttered. The president has delivered the case of Vanuatu. Besides, the Province of Papua has been irrevocable since 1945. It means Papua has been officially a part of Indonesia country. Further, Silvany uttered that the emergency health at the time means health emergency of COVID-19 pandemic.

Discussion
Based on the result above, it can be shown that the dominant used in Indonesian diplomat comment speech was personal deixis. It is related to Wiguna et al. (2018) the person deixis generally convey by person grammatical type, which replaces personal pronoun encode likes community, appropriate names, and compound of the personal pronoun. Furthermore, related to the result mostly used were pronoun object (We) that possessive reflective forms (Our) refer to representatives of the Indonesian people represented by one of the Indonesian country's diplomats. Abdulameer (2019) mentions pronouns typically model person deixis, nouns' possessive affixes, and verbs' agreement affixes. It corresponds with the result of person deixis used the first person and used second and third person encoded to one person or more. As Noerrofi"a and Bahri (2019) said, encoding more a subject commonly refers to the second person of personal deixis while in the context's utterance. That personal deixis mostly dominant use in various contexts is supported by previous studies' outcomes (Ardeatika & Setiawan, 2019;Jumaedah et al., 2020;Nisa et al., 2020;Viahapsari & Parmawati, 2020). Spatial or place deixis based on this result study expresses the speaker on their speech utter the location. Wicaksono (2019) state spatial deixis term identifies the context speech case that is uttered. Most of the used spatial deixis based on the result was 'this' or demonstrative determination called in grammar. It is in line with Nisa et al. (2020), mentioning that spatial deixis consists of proximal deixis near interlocutor and distant deixis far from the interlocutor. In her comment speech, the Indonesian diplomat used demonstrative 'this' include proximal to refer Vanuatu country which regards the society of Indonesia did not care on Papua. The previous result study conducted by Nusu (2018) addresses that in spatial deixis, there were differentiating from each social situation used "this" and "that". Thus, using spatial or place deixis is heavily influenced by social situation and context of speech.
Besides personal deixis and spatial deixis used in comment speech, the Indonesian diplomat used temporal or time deixis in her speech. This can be well known in grammatical structure adverb of time. Rizka et al. (2018) explained temporal deixis used to the pointing of time context speech. Furthermore, the temporal deixis used in comment speech based on the result dominated used adverbs of time when the speech event takes place, for example, using 'at the time'. Besides, her speech delivered used verb past tenses that shown the context stated in the past. Like the previous result conducted by Laia (2020), temporal deixis not only code the adverbial time but also follows the context of tenses. Thus, from the discussion's explanation, it can be sum up that deixis has an important role in some contexts. It points out things that identify the location, the object, and some activities being conveyed about personal deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis based on Levinson's theory.
Therefore, the deixis in the speech and many other phenomena, such as verbal and nonverbal, exist in some literature. The previous study conducted by Ardeatika and Setiawan (2019) mentions that in the stories, poems, movies should reveal some deixis analysis. Thus, analyzing the deixis aspect could be conducted in every context. Moreover, according to Natalia and Santoso (2020), the aspect of pragmatics, which is deixis, indicates some phrases or word utterances referring to objects, processes, attributes, and circumstances. The study of deixis becomes understanding and knows the speaker means that the utterance refers to the object, location, time, and context. The finding of this study focused on three aspects of deixis: personal deixis typically modeled by pronouns, nouns' possessive affixes, and verbs' agreement affixes like I, You, We. Meanwhile, temporal deixis is used to point out time context speech consisting of utterance, present utterance, and utterance. Furthermore, the last was spatial or can be mention place deixis based on this result study which expresses the speaker on their speech utter the location.
Related to the objective of this research, the use of deixis contextually gave comprehensive information to interlocutor sense. Based on the data obtained from comment speech, generate three of deixis such as personal deixis. Personal deixis used depend on the speaker what the massage delivered about. In this data found that the person deixis used dominated with subject "we" because the speaker as representative Indonesian diplomat in United Nation assembly. Also, the pointed subject "you" indicate on interlocuter directly to Prime Minister of Vanuatu.
Furthermore, the use of spatial deixis in comment speech dominated with use "this" because in the context of the speaker delivered her speech pointed to proximal deixis which the topic was faced by Prime Minister of Vanuatu from the speaker such as point to country of Vanuatu and places of United Nation. The last deixis used was temporal deixis in her speech, such as temporal since, few days ago. President of Republic Indonesia has stated in United Nations assembly that Indonesia has variant tribes, race and ethnic. Therefore, by explaining deixis contextually, it provides comprehension in the language context used.

Conclusion
Based on the discussion above, deixis's analysis on comment speech Indonesian diplomat used three kinds of deixis: personal deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. The first person's personal deixis was dominantly used by the subject 'we' because it refers to Indonesia's society. Furthermore, spatial deixis, or called demonstrative determination, pointing to something near the speaker's utterance, and the last one deixis used was temporal deixis, which pointing to time context speech. By understanding deixis contextually gave broad comprehensive information to interlocutor sense. Also, it provides understanding meaning in the language context used.