Doping Terhadap Kardiovaskular
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v5i1.5407Keywords:
Athlete, Cardiovascular side effect, Doping, Sport.Abstract
Nowadays sports, especially competitive sports have a big role in the economy, business, entertainment, and politics. The use of doping, which is a product in the form of drugs or blood that is used to improve athletes' performance, can have a negative impact on the health of athletes, including cardiovascular health, so the use of doping is prohibited. The objective of this article is to provide information to readers on the dangers of doping, especially on cardiovascular. This article was written based on a comprehensive search using Google Scholar and Pubmed. Various kinds of doping can be used according to the needs of athletes in certain sports. One of the most commonly used doping substances is anabolic-androgenic steroids (SAA) which can be used to increase muscle mass and strength but have many negative effects such as increasing blood pressure during exercise and rest, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, left ventricular dysfunction, sudden cardiac death and was assessed as cardiotoxic. In addition to SAA, other substances are also considered harmful to the health of athletes and other users who are not athletes, although there are substances whose effects on the cardiovascular system are still unclear.
References
Al-Imam, A. (2017). Adverse Effects of Amphetamines on the Cardiovascular System: Review and Retrospective Analyses of Trends. Global Journal of Health Science, 9 (11), 102. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n11p102
Arlettaz, A., Collomp, K., Portier, H., Lecoq, A.-M., Rieth, N., le Panse, B., & de Ceaurriz, J. (2008). Effects of acute prednisolone administration on exercise endurance and metabolism. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42 (4), 250–254; discussion 254. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.039040
Ashenden, M. J., Hahn, A. G., Martin, D. T., Logan, P., Parisotto, R., & Gore, C. J. (2001). A comparison of the physiological response to simulated altitude exposure and r-HuEpo administration. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19 (11), 831–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101753113778
Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, K. Pendidikan. (2016). Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring .
Baggish, A. L., Weiner, R. B., Kanayama, G., Hudson, J. I., Lu, M. T., Hoffmann, U., & Pope, H. G. J. (2017). Cardiovascular Toxicity of Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use. Circulation, 135 (21), 1991–2002. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026945
Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L., Casaburi, R., Singh, A. B., Bhasin, D., Berman, N., Chen, X., Yarasheski, K. E., Magliano, L., Dzekov, C., Dzekov, J., Bross, R., Phillips, J., Sinha-Hikim, I., Shen, R., & Storer, T. W. (2001). Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281(6), E1172-81. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1172
Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L., Casaburi, R., Singh, A. B., Mac, R. P., Lee, M., Yarasheski, K. E., Sinha-Hikim, I., Dzekov, C., Dzekov, J., Magliano, L., & Storer, T. W. (2005). Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90 (2), 678–688. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1184
Bird, S. R., Goebel, C., Burke, L. M., & Greaves, R. F. (2016). Doping in sport and exercise: anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 53 (Pt 2), 196–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563215609952
Birkeland, K. I., Stray-Gundersen, J., Hemmersbach, P., Hallé N, J., Haug, E., & Bahr, R. (2000). Effect of rhEPO administration on serum levels of sTfR and cycling performance. In Med. Sci. Sports Exerc (Vol. 32, Issue 7). http://www.msse.org
Boucher, A., Payen, C., Garayt, C., Ibanez, H., Dieny, A., Doche, C., Chuniaud, C., & Descotes, J. (2011). Salbutamol misuse or abuse with fatal outcome: a case-report. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 30 (11), 1869–1871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110388957
Cadwallader, A. B., de la Torre, X., Tieri, A., & Botrè, F. (2010). The abuse of diuretics as performance-enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis. British Journal of Pharmacology, 161 (1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00789.x
Chikani, V., & Ho, K. K. Y. (2014). Action of GH on skeletal muscle function: molecular and metabolic mechanisms. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 52 (1), R107-23. https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-13-0208
Cottencin, O., Karila, L., Lambert, M., Arveiller, C., Benyamina, A., Boissonas, A., Goudemand, M., & Reynaud, M. (2010). Cannabis arteritis: review of the literature. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 4 (4), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181beb022
Dadang Prayoga, H., Fitrianto, A. T., & Habibie, M. (2020). Perbandingan Kemampuan Fisik Dasar Petinju Nasional Dengan Petinju Daerah. Jurnal Porkes, 3 (2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v3i2.2985
Dambrova, M., Makrecka-Kuka, M., Vilskersts, R., Makarova, E., Kuka, J., & Liepinsh, E. (2016). Pharmacological effects of meldonium: Biochemical mechanisms and biomarkers of cardiometabolic activity. Pharmacological Research, 113 (Pt B), 771–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.019
Davis, E., Loiacono, R., & Summers, R. J. (2008). The rush to adrenaline: drugs in sport acting on the beta-adrenergic system. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154 (3), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.164
Demoulin, R., Poyet, R., Capilla, E., Tortat, A. v, Pons, F., Brocq, F.-X., Druelle, A., Jego, C., Foucault, G., & Cellarier, G.-R. (2018). [Cardiovascular complications of doping products]. Annales de cardiologie et d’angeiologie, 67 (5), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancard.2018.08.015
Garimella, P., Katz, R., Patel, K., Kritchevsky, S., Parikh, C., Ix, J., Fried, L., Newman, A., Shlipak, M., Harris, T., & Sarnak, M. (2016). Association of Serum Erythropoietin With Cardiovascular Events, Kidney Function Decline, and Mortality Clinical Perspective. Circulation: Heart Failure, 9, 002124. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002124
Ghobain, M. (2017). The use of performance-enhancing substances (doping) by athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 24 (3), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_122_16
George, A. J. (2000). Central nervous system stimulants. Bailliere’s best practice & research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Gerche, A., & Brosnan, M. J. (2017). Cardiovascular Effects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Circulation, 135(1), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022535
Hackney, A. (2017). Doping, Performance-Enhancing Drugs, and Hormones in Sport (1st ed.). Elsevier.
Handelsman, D. J. (2020). Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport. In Endotext.
Hildebrandt, T., Lai, J. K., Langenbucher, J. W., Schneider, M., Yehuda, R., & Pfaff, D. W. (2011). The diagnostic dilemma of pathological appearance and performance enhancing drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 114 (1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.018
Huestis, M. A., Mazzoni, I., & Rabin, O. (2011). Cannabis in sport: anti-doping perspective. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 41(11), 949–966. https://doi.org/10.2165/11591430-000000000-00000
Isnaini, L. M. Y. (2019). Aplikasi Latihan Mental Dalam Pembelajaran Gerak Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan. Jurnal Porkes, 2(1), 17-25. 10.29408/porkes.v2i1.1451
Lippi, G., Franchini, M., & Guidi, G. C. (2005). Cobalt chloride administration in athletes: a new perspective in blood doping? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39 (11), 872–873. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.019232
Luijkx, T., Velthuis, B. K., Backx, F. J. G., Buckens, C. F. M., Prakken, N. H. J., Rienks, R., Mali, W. P. T. M., & Cramer, M. J. (2013). Anabolic androgenic steroid use is associated with ventricular dysfunction on cardiac MRI in strength trained athletes. International Journal of Cardiology, 167 (3), 664–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.072
Marquet, P., Lac, G., Chassain, A. P., Habrioux, G., & Galen, F. X. (1999). Dexamethasone in resting and exercising men. I. Effects on bioenergetics, minerals, and related hormones. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 87 (1), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.175
Milroy, C. M., & Parai, J. L. (2011). The histopathology of drugs of abuse. Histopathology, 59 (4), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03728.x
P, S. (2001). Androgens. In: Hardman J, Limbird L, Gilman A, ed. by. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. (10th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Perry, J. C., Schuetz, T. M., Memon, M. D., Faiz, S., & Cancarevic, I. (2020). Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Controversy. Cureus, 12 (7), e9333. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9333
Petrides, J. S., Gold, P. W., Mueller, G. P., Singh, A., Stratakis, C., Chrousos, G. P., & Deuster, P. A. (1997). Marked differences in functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis between groups of men. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 82 (6), 1979–1988. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.6.1979
Pope, H. G. J., Wood, R. I., Rogol, A., Nyberg, F., Bowers, L., & Bhasin, S. (2014). Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews, 35 (3), 341–375. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2013-1058
Rasmussen, P., Kim, Y.-S., Krogh-Madsen, R., Lundby, C., Olsen, N. v, Secher, N. H., & van Lieshout, J. J. (2012). Both acute and prolonged administration of EPO reduce cerebral and systemic vascular conductance in humans. FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 26 (3), 1343–1348. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.11-193508
Schobersberger, W., Dünnwald, T., Gmeiner, G., & Blank, C. (2017). Story behind meldonium-from pharmacology to performance enhancement: a narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 (1), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096357
Schumacher, Y. O., Saugy, M., Pottgiesser, T., & Robinson, N. (2012). Detection of EPO doping and blood doping: the haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4 (11), 846–853. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.406
Shekelle, P. G., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Maglione, M., Mojica, W. A., Suttorp, M. J., Rhodes, S. L., Jungvig, L., & Gagné, J. (2003). Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 289 (12), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.12.1537
Thieme, D., & Hemmersbach, P. (2010). Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis.
Thomsen, J. J., Rentsch, R. L., Robach, P., Calbet, J. A. L., Boushel, R., Rasmussen, P., Juel, C., & Lundby, C. (2007). Prolonged administration of recombinant human erythropoietin increases submaximal performance more than maximal aerobic capacity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101 (4), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0522-8
U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). (2017). How Does a Substance Become Prohibited.
World Anti-Doping Program. (2018). World Anti-Doping Program 2019 Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) Report.
World Anti-Doping Program. (2020). 2020 Anti-Doping Testing Figures.
World Anti-Doping Program. (2022). World Anti-Doping Code International Standard Prohibited List. www.wada-ama.org
Zhou, B., Damrauer, J. S., Bailey, S. T., Hadzic, T., Jeong, Y., Clark, K., Fan, C., Murphy, L., Lee, C. Y., Troester, M. A., Miller, C. R., Jin, J., Darr, D., Perou, C. M., Levine, R. L., Diehn, M., & Kim, W. Y. (2014). Erythropoietin promotes breast tumorigenesis through tumor-initiating cell self-renewal. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124 (2), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI69804
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Jurnal Porkes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License
