Fenomena Rush terhadap Perbankan pada Masa Krisis Moneter di Indonesia, 1997-1998
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29408/jhm.v12i2.34499Keywords:
banking, public trust, rushAbstract
This study aims to determine the background of the rush, the process of the rush phenomenon, and the Indonesian government's policy regarding the rush in 1997-1998. The research method used is the historical method with four stages: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study uses primary sources in the form of newspaper archives such as Analisa, Bali Post, Berita Yudha and official documents as well as secondary sources in the form of journals, books, and research reports. Data collection techniques used are document study and literature study. The data analysis technique used is historical analysis with a socio-economic approach. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia's foreign debt, especially the private sector, which continues to swell and is exacerbated by the contagion of the Baht crisis in Thailand, is the cause of the rush. News about the maturity of Indonesia's private debt in 1998 caused public panic. Seeing the continuing turbulent situation of the Indonesian economy, the government then requested assistance from the IMF. One of the IMF programs was the closure of 16 banks, but this policy actually resulted in a decline in public confidence in banking, resulting in massive withdrawals of funds from banks that were not liquidated, such as Bank Danamon, BCA, Bank Bali, and Bank Lippo. The government's policy to overcome the rush is to tighten liquidity by raising interest rates, providing Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (BLBI), and providing guarantees to customers, also known as Blanket Guarantees.
References
Abdulgani, R. (1998, 1 Mei). Hubungan IMF-Indonesia dan utang luar negeri swasta. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/176715/sheet.
Analisa. (1997a, 3 Juli). Baht tumbang 17,6% terhadap Dolar AS. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/105770/sheet.
Analisa. (1997b, 22 Agustus). Agar masyarakat tidak panik: Bunga SBI sebaiknya segera diturunkan. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/105860/sheet.
Analisa. (1997c, 10 September). Pemerintah harapkan bunga bank turun. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/105307/sheet.
Analisa. (1997d, 4 November). Nasabah serbu bank-bank yang terkena likuidasi. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103597/sheet.
Analisa. (1997e, 5 November). Serbuan nasabah mulai reda. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103697/sheet.
Analisa. (1997f, 14 November). Pembayaran dana nasabah lancar. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103852/sheet.
Analisa. (1997g, 15 November). Akibat isu-isu BCA diserbu. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103890/sheet, https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103891/sheet.
Analisa. (1997h, 16 November). Nasabah BCA Medan yang tarik dananya tidak sampai 10 persen. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103927/sheet.
Analisa. (1997i, 25 November). BI: Utang swasta yang jatuh tempo 9,6 Milyar Dolar. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/104199/sheet.
Analisa. (1998a, 28 Januari). Pemerintah berikan jaminan penuh. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103157/sheet.
Analisa. (1998b, 29 Januari). Bank yang dijamin BI bayar fee 0,5%”. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103133/sheet.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (1998). Statistik Indonesia 1997. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Bali Post. (1997a, 20 Agustus). Keadaan agak darurat BI naikkan bunga SBI. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/33962/sheet.
Bali Post. (1997b, 22 Agustus). Isu “rush” perbankan meluas ke daerah. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/34002/sheet.
Bali Post. (1997c, 30 Agustus). Danamon tak pernah main valas. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/34163/sheet.
Bali Post. (1997d, 27 Oktober). Penurunan SBI belum turunkan bunga bank. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/175583/sheet.
Bali Post. (1998a, 4 Maret). Uang nasabah BDL dibayar 6 Maret. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/176277/sheet.
Bali Post. (1998b, 5 April). Tujuh bank dibekukan tujuh diawasi. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/175992/sheet.
Bali Post. (1998c, 6 April). Nasabah kecewa tak bisa tarik uang melalui ATM. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/176020/sheet.
Bali Post. (1998d, 8 April). Bank Danamon ilanda rush. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/176061/sheet.
Bali Post. (1998e, 9 April). Rush di Bank Danamon berlanjut. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/detail/176109/sheet?q=8 april 1998.
Bali Post. (1998f, 23 April). Kegiatan bank dalam pengawasan BPPN normal. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/176443/sheet.
Bank for International Settlements. (1998). The maturity, sectoral and nationality distribution of international bank lending first half 1997. Basle: Bank for International Settlements Monetary and Economic Department.
Bank Indonesia. (1998). Report for the Financial Year 1997 / 1998. Bank Indonesia.
Bank Indonesia. (2003). Mengurai Benang Kusut BLBI edisi II. Bank Indonesia.
Berita Yudha. (1997a, 9 Agustus). Ribuan”Soros” ikut goyang mata uang Asteng. Berita Yudha. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/116437/sheet.
Berita Yudha. (1997b, 15 Agustus). Pemerintah ambangkan rupiah. Berita Yudha. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/detail/116503/sheet?q=langkah BI cerdik.
Berita Yudha. (1997c, 21 Agustus). Rp 2 triliun sudah efektif. Berita Yudha. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/116563/sheet. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/116573/sheet.
Berita Yudha. (1997d, 16 September). Diperkirakan, gejolak moneter akan berlanjut hingga SU-MPR’98. Berita Yudha. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/116870/sheet.
Berita Yudha. (1997e, 8 Oktober). Dolar AS tembus angka 4.000. Berita Yudha. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/117121/sheet.
Berita Yudha. (1998, 29 Januari). 70 bank…. Berita Yudha. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/117925/sheet.
Biro Pusat Statistik. (1991). Statistik Indonesia 1990. Biro Pusat Statistik.
Boediono. (2016). Ekonomi Indonesia: Dalam Lintasan Sejarah. PT Mizan Pustaka.
Corsetti, G., Pesenti, P., & Roubini, N. (1999). What caused the Asian currency and financial crisis? (No. 343; Temidi Discussione Del Servizio Studi).
Daliman, A. (2012). Metode Penelitian Sejarah. Ombak.
Darmawan, K. (1998, 26 Januari). Badai itu tak kunjung berlalu. Bali Post. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/175446/sheet.
Diamond, D. W., & Dybvig, P. H. (1983). Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity. Journal of Political Economy, 91(3), 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1086/261155.
Dijk, O. (2017). Bank run psychology. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 144, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.08.005.
Djiwandono, J. S. (2001). Mengelola Bank Indonesia dalam Masa Krisis. Pustaka LP3ES.
Fane, G., & McLeod, R. H. (1999). Lessons for monetary and banking policies from the 1997-98 economic crises in Indonesia and Thailand. Journal of Asian Economics, 10(3), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-0078(99)00033-0.
Gottschalk, L. (1983). Mengerti Sejarah. UI Press.
Harian Ekonomi Neraca. (1997a, 4 November). Sejumlah bank kena rush. Harian Ekonomi Neraca, 3.
Harian Ekonomi Neraca. (1997b, 11 November). Perbanas akui ada rush di bank swasta. Harian Ekonomi Neraca, 3.
Harian Ekonomi Neraca. (1997c, 15 November). BCA rush: Karena rumor Oom Liem meninggal. Harian Ekonomi Neraca, 1.
Harian Ekonomi Neraca. (1998, 8 April). Rush di mana-mana. Harian Ekonomi Neraca, 1.
Harian Neraca. (1988,2 November). Pendirian bank swasta & bank koperasi. Harian Neraca. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/95587/sheet.
Ikhsan, M., & Basri, M. C. (1992). Tinjauan triwulan perekonomian Indonesia. Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, 40(2), 69–105. https://www.lpem.org/repec/lpe/efijnl/199205.pdf.
Joseph, C. P. R., Hartawan, A., & Mochtar, F. (1999). Kondisi dan respon kebijakan ekonomi makro selama krisis ekonomi tahun 1997-98. Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 2(2), 97–130. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v2i2.198.
Kasri, R. A., Arundina, T., Indraswari, K. D., & Prasetyo, M. B. (2017). Bank run and stability of islamic banking in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 3(1), 25–60. https://jimf-bi.org/JIMF/article/view/709.
Kedaulatan Rakyat. (1998, 9 April). Serbuan nasabah tak membuat takut. Kedaulatan Rakyat, 1.
Kompas. (1997a, 18 Juli). Ada indikasi, swasta mulai gagal bayar utang. Kompas, 2.
Kompas. (1997b, 22 Agustus). Nasabah Bank Danamon termakan isu. Kompas, 2.
Kompas. (1997c, 15 September). Waspadai kredit luar negeri yang jatuh tempo. Kompas, 1,15.
Listiyanto, A. (2011). Pengelolaan aset eks bank dalam likuidasi. Media Kekayaan Negara, 2(7), 5–8.
Na’im, A. (2001). Hutang luar negeri pemicu krisis ekonomi Indonesia. Unisia, 43, 515–527. https://journal.uii.ac.id/unisia/article/view/5713.
Notosusanto, N. (1971). Norma-Norma Dasar Penelitian dan Penulisan Sedjarah. Departemen Pertahanan Keamanan.
Nugroho, A. E. (2000). The Linkage Between Banking Sector, Economic Fundamentals and The Indonesian Currency Crisis. Thesis. Massey University
Pangestu, M., & Oscarita M, T. (1989). Tinjauan triwulan perekonomian Indonesia. Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, 37(1), 3–48. https://www.lpem.org/repec/lpe/efijnl/198901.pdf.
Priyadi, S. (2015). Historiografi Indonesia. Ombak.
Putra, R. M. S. (1993,30 Juni). Mobilisasi dana dan perbankan. Harian Ekonomi Neraca. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/detail/91694/sheet?q=Mobilisasi%20dana%20dan%20perbankan.
Rafinus, B. H., & Suryabrata, W. A. (1997). Tinjauan triwulanan perekonomian Indonesia. Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, XLV(3), 373–397. https://www.lpem.org/repec/lpe/efijnl/199713.pdf.
Rijanto. (1992). Analisis penyebab dan dampak krisis manajemen bank paska Pakto 1988. In Makalah disampaikan pada Studium Generale. Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta, 14 Desember 1992.
Saputra, R. D., & Wibowo, D. M. (2001). Perkembangan Pinjaman Luar Negeri Indonesia. In H. Yumanita, D & Sigalingging (Ed.), Profil Pinjaman Luar Negeri Indonesia dan Permasalahannya. Pusat Pendidikan dan Studi Kebanksentralan Bank Indonesia.
Sharma, S. D. (2001). The Indonesian Financial Crisis: From Banking Crisis to Financial Sector Reforms, 1997-2000. Indonesia, 71, 79-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351457.
Simorangkir, I. (2006). Determinan bank runs pada krisis perbankan 1997/1998: Suatu kajian dengan menggunakan panel data dinamis. Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 9(2), 99–143. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v9i2.201
Simorangkir, I. (2011). Penyebab bank runs di Indonesia: Bad luck Atau fundamental? Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 14(1), 51–78. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v14i1.456
Sinar Indonesia. (1997a, 28 Agustus). BI injeksi bank kecil Rp 800 miliar-Rp 1,35 triliun. Sinar Indonesia, 1.
Sinar Indonesia. (1997b, 4 November). Nasabah tarik dana. Sinar Indonesia, 11.
Sinar Indonesia. (1997c, 15 November). BCA diserbu nasabah tarik dana. Sinar Indonesia, 1.
Sinar Indonesia. (1998, 7 April). Rush besar-besaran di 6 bank kota Medan. Sinar Indonesia, 1, 11.
Siregar, M. (1991). Pinjaman Luar Negeri & Pembiayaan Pembangunan di Indonesia. Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
Sjamsuddin, H. (2007). Metodologi Sejarah. Ombak.
Solopos. (1998a, 8 April). Banyak nasabah menutup rekening di sejumlah bank. Solopos. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/50525/sheet.
Solopos. (1998b, 8 April). BDI Solo siapkan dana siaga Rp 11 miliar. Solopos. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/50519/sheet.
Supriyanto & Sampurna, A. F. (1999). Utang Luar Negeri Indonesia: Argumen Relevansi dan Implikasinya bagi Pembangunan. Djambatan.
Tambunan, T. (2011). Memahami Krisis: Siasat Membangun Kebijakan Ekonomi. LP3ES.
Tua, P. (1998, 5 Januari). Membayar hutang dan moralitas manusia. Analisa. https://mpn.komdigi.go.id/arsip/page/103126/sheet.
Warjiyo, P. (2006). Stabilitas sistem perbankan dan kebijakan moneter: Keterkaitan dan perkembangannya di Indonesia. Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 8(4), 429–454.
World Bank. (n.d.). International Debt Statistics. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/international-debt-statistics. Diakses tanggal 7 January 2026.
World Bank. (1978a). Announcement of Indonesia Receives Sixty-Five Million Dollars World Bank Loan for Agricultural Settlement on June 30, 1978 (English). Bank News Release; no. 1978-123. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099701508102238601.
World Bank. (1978b). Announcement of World Bank Approves One Hundred Seventy-One Million Dollars for Irrigation in Indonesia on May 26, 1978 (English). Bank News Release ; no. 1978-99. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099842008042216144.
World Bank. (1978c). Announcement of World Bank Lends One Hundred Nine Million Dollars for Power Development in Indonesia on February 2, 1978 (English). ). Bank News Release; no. 1978-39. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099012007272222090.
World Bank. (1978d). Announcement of World Bank Lends Seventy-Seven Million Dollars to Indonesia for Irrigation on December 22, 1978 (English). Bank News Release; no. 1979-37. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099932208162240526.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Solihah, Djono Djono
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writings in this journal are the full responsibility of the author. Jurnal Humanitas provides open access to benefit anyone with valuable information and findings. Jurnal Humanitas can be accessed free of charge at no cost, following the creative commons license. Authors who publish articles in the Jurnal Humanitas must comply with the following conditions:
The author retains the copyright and grants the right of first publication with the work licensed simultaneously under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license, allowing others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors may make additional separate contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published journal version of the work (for example, posting it to an institution or publishing it in a book), acknowledging its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (for example, on institutional repositories or websites) before and during the submission process, resulting in a productive exchange and earlier and more extensive citations of the published work.
All articles in this journal are the sole responsibility of the author. Jurnal Humanitas provides open access to benefit anyone with valuable information and findings. Jurnal Humanitas can be accessed and downloaded for free, following the creative commons license.
Jurnal Humanitas: Katalisator Perubahan dan Inovator Pendidikan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
