Scrutinizing Non-English Major Students’ Perceptions of Informal Digital Learning of English
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v9i1.25902Keywords:
CALL, digital media, IDLE, student's perceptions, technologyAbstract
The educational landscape has undergone a profound transformation with the rise of Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE), reshaping language acquisition beyond traditional classroom settings. Although many studies have explored IDLE, research has primarily focused on English majors or highly motivated language learners, leaving a gap in understanding how non-English major students, who have varying levels of motivation and language exposure, engage with IDLE. This study investigates the perspectives of non-English major students on IDLE and its perceived effectiveness in their language learning journey. A total of 169 students from the nursing and accounting disciplines at the University of Bengkulu enrolled in a general English course and participated in the study. Data were collected through structured surveys and semi-structured interviews, with analysis conducted using both statistical and thematic approaches. The findings reveal that participants strongly agree that IDLE provides language support (M = 4.55), flexibility in use (M = 4.25), and contributes to increasing their language proficiency (M = 4.58). However, challenges such as the lack of structured feedback and inconsistent learning patterns were also noted. These insights underscore the potential of IDLE as a valuable supplement to formal instruction. Educators are encouraged to integrate IDLE into curricula through engaging, personalized digital learning strategies catering to non-English major students' distinct needs. Future research should explore the long-term impact of IDLE on language proficiency and best practices for its implementation.
References
Ajisoko, P. (2020). The use of Duolingo apps to improve English vocabulary learning. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 15(07), 149. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i07.13229
Alhaq, M. N. D., Drajati, N. A., & Wijayanto, A. (2021). IDLE challenges: Playing digital games? AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i1.440
Asratie, M. G., Wale, B. D., & Aylet, Y. T. (2023). Effects of using educational technology tools to enhance EFL students’ speaking performance. Education and Information Technologies, 28(8), 10031–10051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11562-y
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bygstad, B., Øvrelid, E., Ludvigsen, S., & Dæhlen, M. (2022). From dual digitalization to digital learning space: Exploring the digital transformation of higher education. Computers & Education, 182, 104463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104463
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Surveys, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and trend studies. In Research Methods in Education (8th ed., p. 27). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539
Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage, Los Angeles.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE.
Dornyei, Z. (2010). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing. (2nd Edition), Routledge
Dressman, M., & Lee, J. S. (2021). IDLE in the classroom: Learner-driven strategies for English language learning. The Clearing House a Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas, 94(4), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2021.1929802
Du Plooy, E., Casteleijn, D., & Franzsen, D. (2024). Personalized adaptive learning in higher education: a scoping review of key characteristics and impact on academic performance and engagement. Heliyon, 10(21), e39630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39630
Fauziah, F., & Diana, N. (2023). Exploring students’ informal digital learning of English (IDLE) and self-regulated language learning from a sociocultural perspective. Indonesian TESOL Journal, 5(2), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.24256/itj.v5i2.4225
Field, A.P. (2018) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (5th Ed), SAGE.
Gebremariam, H. T., & Mulugeta, Z. A. (2025). In-service language teachers’ engagement with online learning platforms after the emergence of Covid-19. Ampersand, 14, 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2024.100215
Glazkova, I., Falko, N., Khomenko, O., Khatuntseva, S., Rula, N., Shulzhenko, A., & Tatarin, V. (2025). Barriers in online education for displaced universities: Insights from faculty and students. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 23(2), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.23(2-si).2025.10
Guo, X., & Lee, J. S. (2023). A systematic review of informal digital learning of English: An ecological systems theory perspective. System, 117, 103097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103097
Hasumi, T., & Chiu, M. (2024). Technology-enhanced language learning in English language education: Performance analysis, core publications, and emerging trends. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2024.2346044
Hidayat, D. N., Lee, J. Y., Mason, J., & Khaerudin, T. (2022). Digital technology supporting English learning among Indonesian university students. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8
Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice. Field Methods, 18(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05282260
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S. and Pal, D. (2015) Likert scale: Explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7, 396-403.
https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
Kanellopoulou, C., & Giannakoulopoulos, A. (2021). Internet-assisted language teaching: The Internet as a tool for personalised language exploration. Creative Education, 12(03), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2021.123043
Karimah, A., & Muslim, A. B. (2019). Redefining EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers’ roles in technology-integrated instruction. ICETT ’19, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3337682.3337686
Kartal, G. (2022). Evaluating a mobile instant messaging tool for efficient large-class speaking instruction. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(5–6), 1252–1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2074463
Lee, J. S. (2017). Informal digital learning of English and second language vocabulary outcomes: Can quantity conquer quality? British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(2), 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12599
Lee, J. S. (2021). Informal digital learning of English: Research to practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003043454
Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2019). Informal digital learning of English and English as an international language: The path less traveled. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1447–1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12652
Lee, Y., & Roger, P. (2023). Cross-platform language learning: A spatial perspective on narratives of language learning across digital platforms. System, 118, 103145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103145
Liu, G. L., & Wang, Y. (2024). Modeling EFL teachers’ intention to integrate informal digital learning of English (IDLE) into the classroom using the theory of planned behavior. System, 120, 103193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103193
Maulida, F. N., Mardiana, W., & Irfan, S. (2022). exploring teriary students’ experience of informal digital learning of English for boosting English receptive skills. Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS), 8(2), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v8i2.5046
Maxwell, J.A. (2013) Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Nugroho, A., & Triana, Y. (2021). EFL learners’ beliefs and practices on informal digital learning of English beyond classroom. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 8(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v8i2.19843
Olimat, K. N. (2024). The reality and effects of using Duolingo to develop English language skills for EFL learners in Jordan. World Journal of English Language, 14(5), 627. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p627
Prayogo, J. A. (2022). English language teaching in Indonesia in the 21st century: What needs reinforcing and enhancing for the teachers. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i7.10645
Rahman, L. T., Supraptiningsih, N., Pratiwi, S. K., & Nupus, A. M. (2023). Use of digital technology in informal English language learning: How the practices support learning outcomes? ELLTER Journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.22236/ellter.v4i1.11420
Rahmawati, R., Drajati, N. A., & Asib, A. (2019). Investigating informal digital learning of English (IDLE) speaking practices emerge the boundaries between countries. English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Proceedings, 3, 286–295.
Riayuningsih, K., Lubis, A. A., & Sofyan, D. (2022). EFL students’ beliefs and practices on informal digital english learning outside classrooms. Journal of English Language Studies, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.30870/jels.v7i2.16536
Rezai, A., Soyoof, A., & Reynolds, B. L. (2024). Informal digital learning of English and EFL teachers’ job engagement: Exploring the mediating role of technological pedagogical content knowledge and digital competence. System, 122, 103276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103276
Soyoof, A., Reynolds, B. L., Vazquez-Calvo, B., & McLay, K. (2021). Informal digital learning of English (IDLE): A scoping review of what has been done and a look towards what will come. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(4), 608–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1936562
Shadiev, R., & Yang, M. (2020). Review of studies on technology-enhanced language learning and teaching. Sustainability, 12(2), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020524
Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (2010) SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. SAGE Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335193
Zhang, Y., & Liu, G. (2022). Revisiting informal digital learning of English (IDLE): A structural equation modeling approach in a university EFL context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(7), 1904–1936. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2134424
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Iis Sujarwati, Emilia Ninik Aydawati

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the VELES Journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
VELES Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.